Lead 200

November 19, 2012| Martin Luther King Jr. | Leader Assessment| | | Dawan Robinson Leadership 200 Dawan Robinson November 19, 2012 LEAD 200 Martin Luther King Jr. ’s Biography Martin Luther King Jr. was born January 15, 1929 and passed away April 4, 1968 in Atlanta, Georgia. He faced many challenges during the Civil Rights movement. Martin Luther King Jr. had been assaulted several times by people on the streets. He received hundreds of phone calls, and letters, which was threatening to kill him. During the movement Martin Luther King Jr. had been arrested more than twenty times.One of the most famous threats was made on Martin Luther King Jr. was on January 30th, 1956. A bomb was thrown into Martin Luther King Jr. ’s house, fortunately nobody was seriously injured. Almost everywhere he went he was harassed. In 1964 he was harassed by a group of black Muslims, they threw stones at him in the streets. On the other hand, in 1957 he was elected president of the Southern Chr istian Leadership Conference, which was a organization made to provide new leadership for the now growing civil rights movement. The ideals for this organization he got from Christianity and its effective methods came from Gandhi.From the time he was elected the president of Southern Christian Leadership until the time he passed he traveled over six million miles and spoke over twenty-five hundred times, going to speak wherever there was injustice, protest, and action. Also, in that time he wrote five books as well as a lot of articles. In these years, he led a big protest in Birmingham, Alabama, that grabbed the attention of the entire world, which gave what he called a union of sense of right and wrong. Martin Luther King Jr. ’s Impact Martin Luther King impacted everyone through a nonviolent protest.He showed love, faith, determination and fearless representation. He didn’t only fight for equal rights but what most people fail to realize is that he was fighting agai nst poverty by recommending that we stop the war in Vietnam and use all of that money to lift our economy so there would be a chance for young Americans of all colors and ages to capture the dream. My personal opinion I felt that when he started speaking out against the war in Vietnam his life was in serious danger. His idea to stop the war and use that money to pull people out of poverty scared the United States government.Martin Luther king demonstrates everything that is good in America. His actions showed that one man or woman can impact the country with a simple message of peace and love through a single nonviolent protest. I would say that Martin Luther King impacted America by teaching us that it’s wrong to discriminate against people. Also, that all people have the right to go to the same school, the same church, and the same restaurants. He fought for the right of his people to be considered equal with each race. What made him stand out to me is that he was a nonviol ent person.He didn't believe in using violence to reach his goal. Many decades later after Martin Luther King Jr. was gunned down on a motel balcony in Memphis, Tenn. , he is still viewed mainly as the black leader of a movement for black equality. Martin Luther King Jr. is remembered as an inspirational speaker, whose leadership came from speechmaking. Speeches like the ‘I Have a Dream' speech at the civil rights march in Washington in August 1963 stimulated people of all races. Martin Luther King Jr. ’s Leadership When people think of Martin Luther King Jr. , they think of a great leader.I think that Martin Luther King’s famous â€Å"I have a Dream† speech shows just what kind of leader he was. He was a man who was very effective at what he did. Martin Luther King Jr. was described by some as having a unique way of getting people to work together rather than fight. Most average leaders will only focus on results, and that would be all. Good leaders focus on the behaviors that will get the results and great leaders focus on the emotions that will drive these behaviors. When thinking of being a great leader you have to be a visionary and be sure to follow that vision.This was back at a time when African Americans had to sit on designated seats on the bus, until King dreamed that America would rise above color. The ability to dream and follow his vision is a powerful characteristic and history shows that some of the great leaders were even greater visionaries. If Martin Luther King Jr. didn’t dream of equal civic rights, we wouldn’t be living in a society where cultural differences are celebrated. Martin Luther King Jr. was a leader who had a lot of self-doubt, and who was aware of his own limitations and his weaknesses.Sometimes he was hesitant to take on the responsibilities that were put on him. For example, during the Montgomery bus boycott, he was worried about the threats to his family. He was more feared rather th an confident and secure in his leadership role. Martin Luther King Jr. ’s ability to deliver a public speech showed his strong leadership, in which that's how he got so many supporters. He was able to persuade thousands of people to believe what he believed in. People began to trust in him and to me that's the number one thing you need as a good leader, the trust of your followers.Nobody wants a modest leader when it comes to getting what they want. Determination and confidence is what made him a fearless leader, who jumped right into the problem and made people love him for his courage to stand up and take on the leadership role. It is recognized that Martin Luther King Jr. ’s leadership styles has proven him to be one of the greatest leaders. Almost in every big city in the United States there is a street or school named after him. This shows how greatly his achievements are misunderstood and most of them are found in black neighborhoods.Throughout this analysis I wi ll be discussing the different variety styles of leadership theories that Martin Luther King Jr. used. He used theories such as, path-goal theory, situational theory, and the servant leadership theory. Path-Goal Theory Defined In addition, when it comes to the path-goal theory it is described to be a leadership concept that the subordinates accept a leader's behavior only so far as they view it as causing an immediate or future benefit. Therefore, a leader's main function is to clear a path to the realization of the ubordinates' goals. They have to decide the behavior patterns that are most relevant in helping the subordinates get what they want. Path-goal theory is used by almost every successful leader. Martin Luther King used path-goal theory, which is designed to show how leaders can help subordinates along the path to their goals by choosing specific behaviors that are best fit to the subordinates needs and to the situation in which subordinates are working. Martin Luther King was a great leader because he was able to direct and motivate subordinates.In my opinion to be a good path-goal leader, a leader has to be focused on being instructive, supportive, participative, and achievement. The leader should be able to adapt and realize what motivates the subordinate. If a subordinate needs to have control on a project, the leader should be participative and provide involvement. On the other hand, if a subordinate has a need for involvement, the leader should be supportive and provide nurturance. The path-goal theory is important because it allows the leader to see what behaviors will affect the subordinate positively and negatively.This theory allows the leader to change their leadership style based on the subordinates’ personality. Martin Luther King wanted people to think differently. I believe that because he wanted people to think differently, helped him remove obstacles for subordinates. It challenged people to make a difference. Most leaders want ed people to do exactly what they’re told, but Martin Luther King wanted people to think outside the box and think differently. Martin Luther King also gave support for subordinates. He supported new ideas that the subordinates came up with and this also helped make things happen, like equality throughout the world.Situational Leadership Theory Defined When viewing the situational leadership theory, it describes this leadership style as belief that effective leadership requires flexibility in leadership styles depending on the situation. In other words, the leader has to adjust his style to fit the development level of the followers he is trying to influence. With situational leadership, it is up to the leader to change his style, not the follower to adapt to the leader’s style. This leadership style may change continually to meet the desires of others in the organization based on the situation. Martin Luther King Jr. s great with using situational leadership. When a d ecision is needed, an effective leader doesn’t just fall into one style, such as using transactional or transformational styles. There are different causes that affect situational decisions, which include the motivation and the ability of the followers. Which, this is affected by causes within the particular situation. With situational leadership, the relationship between the followers and the leader may be another factor that affects leader behavior as much as it does follower behavior in different situations. Martin Luther King Jr. s observation of his followers and the situation will have an affect on what they do rather than the truth of the situation. His perception of his self and other factors such as stress and mood will also change the leaders' behavior in different situations. I believe Martin Luther King follows the situational approach of leadership because he has the ability to adapt to the variety of followers and environments as well as opposing attitudes. I al so believe he was mostly using the coaching style. He was a very supportive person, but at the same time he directed people with his speeches on the direction people needed to go.When looking at the styles approach, I believe he was really relationship oriented. To me this means that he had a lot of concern for the people. When seeing the skills model, motivation was one of the keys to his individual attribute. He had the dream that inspired everybody. He was also great with problem-solving skills and social judgment skills. He was able to get all these people to work with him and follow him to pursue his dream. He was great at adapting to different situations when doing his speeches. He got the vibe from the audiences and adapted from them.He observed his followers and grabbed their attention by relating to the situation at hand, Servant Leadership Defined Servant leadership stresses the importance of the role a leader plays as the factor of the resources of a organization, and tea ches leaders to serve others while still achieving the goals that are set. A servant leader is a servant first, who has responsibility to be in the world, so he contributes to the well-being of people and the community. A servant leader looks to the desires of the people and asks his self how he can help them to solve problems and promote personal development.He puts his main focus on people, because only content and motivated people are able to reach their targets and to achieve the set expectations. Martin Luther King followed the servant leadership theory because he was a servant first who contributed to the well-being of people and the community. He had the ability to be inspired and also inspire his followers. To me Martin Luther King Jr. is one of the most inspirational and influential leaders in recent history. He actually preached and practiced servant-leadership.During a time when fear and segregation took over his country, he picked forgiveness and compromise instead of ge tting revenge and retaliating. He was a representative of positive change, trying to heal a country that was in a bad situation and had people that showed prejudice, hatred, and discrimination. Martin Luther King took on a different approach than what others would do, instead of hating the people who disliked him; he chose to love them instead. He insisted Americans to stop judging and start understanding each other. Like most great leaders, he used his words to empower, heal, and reunite people.A lot can be learned in his â€Å"I have a dream† speech, when relating to servant leadership. I would say Martin Luther King used servant leadership because when he was faced with a problem, he looked for solutions that would benefit everyone, not just him. When something went wrong, he would take the blame. When things went well, he shared the credit with others. He told everyone the same story, even when it was difficult. He knew that he didn't have all the answers, so he looked fo r advice from others. He worked hard and inspired others to do the same as well. Martin Luther King, Jr. is a great example of a servant leader.His life shows the great power of servant leadership to totally change an entire nation. Conclusion In conclusion, Martin Luther King, Jr. accomplished many great things during his life. He has impacted my life deeply. If it were not for him, there would be lots of racism in my school. If this happened, there would be too much attention given to misbehaved students and not enough to my education. When I grow up I want to follow in his footsteps. Just like my hero Martin Luther King, I want to win a Nobel Prize. That would be my greatest accomplishment. Luckily, we had Martin Luther King, Jr. to put an end to racism.There is still some racism, but with Martin Luther King Jr. ‘s words in our heart, we can stop whatever racism there is left. Dr. Martin Luther King delivered the speech many wished they could have written and he inspired li ves others were not able to. He also changed the way of thinking of those who were unaware before his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. He definitely made a difference, and continues to inspire people, not only for standing up to everyone and anyone but because he fought through obstacles put in his way and never backing down, and always believing he would accomplish his goal until turning his dream into a reality.Work Cited * Donald T. Phillips. â€Å"Martin Luther King, Jr. On Leadership† Inspiration and Wisdom for Challenging Times. January 1999. New York, New York. * Keith, Kent M. â€Å"The Case for Servant Leadership† Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, 2008. Westfield, IN. * Huggins, Nathan Irvin. â€Å"The Journal of American History† Martin Luther King Jr. Charisma and Leadership. Vol. 74. No. 2. September 1987. Pp. 477-481. Mississippi Valley.

Cell Phone Usage in School Should Be Banned

Kaitlyn Sebastian Cell Phone Usage in School In a Wireless survey, it has been said that 91% of Americans use a cell phone. These devices have majorly advanced within the years and can be used for many things. Although cell phones have many great and convenient features, their usage in school should be banned because teens ignore the enforced rules, it can be used to cheat, and most have a camera feature that can be used to take inappropriate pictures of others. Teens these days are very â€Å"rebellious† in my opinion. Most don’t like being told what to do and like to be independent.So, when they know that there are rules in school against having cell phones around with you throughout the day, they ignore them because they always think they will never get caught. Teens can be very sneaky with what they do and can hide things easily. They know that the worst that can happen is having their phone taken away for the rest of the school day and then getting it back after. S ome schools could enforce the rule all day but, â€Å"Kids kind of roll their eyes, and I’m sure they have it out again 10 or 15 feet down the hall,† high school teacher Ed Stried remarked.Many schools allowed to have their phones collected in the beginning of the day and then at assigned times, students are able to use their cell phones, like during Study Hall, or lunch break. Many have found this unsuccessful because kids ignore it and can pretend that they did not have a cell phone on them and hide them through the day, sending texts or pictures. Teachers should not allow this because it can be such a distraction. Their phones should be checked and kept in their locker until school is over.Taking pictures brings me to my next point. Many new phones today have a built in camera feature that allows people to easily take a â€Å"quick-pic† anytime without bringing a whole different device, such as a digital camera. Despite its handy uses, this cool feature can b e used inappropriately. Bullying is also a major issue in school and it comes in many forms, like cyber bullying which includes through phones. Students, if allowed to use their cell phone at anytime throughout a school day, can also take pictures at anytime.Some may be used to shoot a memorable moment, and some may be used to take an embarrassing picture of someone. Many teens are on social networks, always posting updates and uploading pictures of their whereabouts. Many cellular devices allow a quick share feature that can upload the photo that you took straight onto your website. Students can take an advantage of this and may have intentions of not being nice to others in school. They can easily take a picture to make fun of someone or harass them and post it right away on Facebook for example.Having phones allowed to be used during school can cause other dangerous issues and can pose for serious consequences. These serious consequences can also take part when kids do the wrong things with the ability to text and take pictures. One major problem that usage in schools can lead to is cheating. Again, with a camera, kids can take pictures of tests or quizzes to share with other students who have it later in the day. They can also easily get away with texting their friends because most can text without looking at the keyboard.Another important thing is that you can also access the internet. They not only could go to inappropriate websites but also look up answers right in the palm of their hands. Yes, students can enjoy the freedom of being able to text their parents a quick message or check their email but this is unfair to all the students who do not cheat and work really hard studying, so this can be a real problem. Overall, being able to use a cell phone in school can lead to serious issues with students.It should be banned because students ignore the rules, can be used to take pictures inappropriately, and to cheat and/or share answers with others. The re sult of banning cell phone use in school will help maintain a safe and distraction-free atmosphere that all students can enjoy. Source Citation: â€Å"Schools continue to deal with cellular misbehaving. † Janesville Gazette [Janesville, WI] 5 Dec. 2010. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Apri. 2012. â€Å"EDITORIAL: Policy on cell phone use effective. † Daily News [Bowling Green, KY] 30 Oct. 2009. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Apri. 2012.

Anti-Bribery Convention and OECD

Anti-Bribery Convention and OECD The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)Â  And the Anti-Bribery Convention The International Initiative The Anti-Bribery Convention was originally conceived in 1989, it has under gone many changes since its conception, to begin with the group was designed to enable the review in to national legislations and the bribery of officials, in 1994 the review was turned into recommendations for actions and this was eventually replaced by a treaty agreement in 1997. The Anti-Bribery conventions main aim is to decrease the amount of corruption in underdeveloped countries, in doing this they can create a fair and level playing field, therefore encouraging sanctions against any form of bribery in International business transactions. Things That Are Right The Anti-Bribery Convention has developed a set of legally binding standards to criminalize bribery. The Anti-Bribery Convention works with all countries to improve the standards of international business tran sactions. The Anti-bribery convention welcomes all countries to join the convention; no one is singled out or excluded as long as they follow the guidelines and legislation recommendations. Things That Are Wrong The Anti-Bribery convention has no governing authority; the OECD only over sees it. The countries involved in the Anti-Bribery convention have the sole responsibility to implement the legislations so that bribery can be criminalized. According to the Transparency International report (Hardoon, Heinrich, 2013), at least half the countries that are signed to the Anti-Bribery convention have had only a few and in some cases no prosecutions. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Founded in 1961, The OECD’s main headquarters are in Paris, France, To date there are currently 34 member countries, although the OECD do work closely with Russia, China, Brazil, India, Indonesia and South Africa, but they are yet to agree to join the organ ization. Whilst the OECD’s main aim is to help improve the social, economic, safety and welfare of people across the globe, they do also maintain relations and work closely with other international organizations like the IMF, World Bank, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Labor Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization in an effort to promote and improve other aspects of peoples well-being globally. The Good Things The OECD uses peer reviews to evaluate its work and implement new changes and ideas, giving a wider perspective on the organization. The OECD has established a unilateral forum to allow governments to share their issues and experiences and work together to resolve the problems. The OECD defies conventional wisdom and works towards a resolution that is beneficial to all. Things That Need To Be Changed OECD has no authority over the Anti-Bribery convention, it purely over sees it. The OECD is not self-executing; it requires the governing country to enforce the legislations and uphold the laws Companies using the OECD guidelines aren’t bound by them as they aren’t compulsory. How anti-bribery convention and the OECD affect global politics Example 1 The OECD has established a unilateral forum to allow governments to share their issues and experiences and work together to resolve the problems. This is a great step for achieving success in global policies because it is an airing point for ideas and resolutions, governments can get together and discuss issue past and present and provide information on how they were able to resolve or work around certain common issues. The forum is based on facts and real life experiences and enables governments to proactively take part in the forming of global policies that are beneficial to all. They have the ability to collect data from governments and analyze this for possible trends that could potentially help other countries from avoiding situati ons like, austerity and unemployment during economic downturns. The Anti-bribery convention has established a set of legally binding standards to criminalize bribery; this implementation will boost the transparency of global politics for the member states that are included in the convention. In creating transparency and ensuring everyone is implementing the recommended standards there will be more cohesive trade agreements that will propagate healthy globalization. The creating and implementation of these legally binding standards has failed to force member states to follow the implementations, this will have an overall effect on globally policies because other member states will see that this type of implementation can be ignored with no real repercussions. The implementations will only work successfully if the Anti-bribery convention attains the legal jurisdiction to implement these standards. Currently they don’t have this and there seems to be no way of getting the ju risdiction so the implementation of legally binding standards is just that, An implementation, There is no law so the member states don’t have to implement the standards. The anti-bribery convention has placed the responsibility for implementing the legislations solely on the governments, this will have a massive impact on global policies because will still be left up to that country to implement the legislations, a majority of corrupt officials are in the government sectors and will not implement such measures if they feel it could impact on their corrupt enterprises. Such implications could unravel the social and economic standings of that country, they could undermine trade agreements and have a devastating effect on all policies globally, there is always going to be an issue of trust and if the governments of the countries don’t implement the legislations that will undermine this trust element globally. The Anti-Bribery Convention has failed to close a massiv e loophole in the system and is in part facilitating the continuation of bribery amongst public officials. The convention will only truly be successful if they find a way to close this loophole and prevent the continuation of bribery globally. Where it went wrong!

American and European Union competition law Essay

American and European Union competition law - Essay Example A private entity may file a suit against the court of law on violation of competition law that caused property or business for monetary compensation. Antitrust law refers to a federal and state system, which promotes competition and blocks the roads of monopoly. In the US under mentioned sanctions may be imposed on violation of competition law a) confiscation of property b) suspension of right for a period of one year c) fine up to the extent of one million USD and above in case of corporation d) for others fine up to 0.100 million USD and imprisonment for a period of three years at least. The aims and objectives of said law is to discourage i) monopolization ii) conspiracy to monopolize and iii) attempt to monopolize by way of merger and acquisition of other business entity. American Legal System The American court system is run at two jurisdictions a) federal level and b) state level. The Supreme Court is the highest court. Two courts have to work under incumbency of Supreme Court of Pakistan a) trial courts and b) appellate courts. The Supreme Court is working under one chief justice and their eight associate justices. Their selection is the prerogative of the competent committee of the Senate. The supreme court of USA each year hears limited number of cases wherein important questions of constitution and the federal law has been raised. The trial court is empowered by the constitution and the law making body to hear criminal or civil cases of all sorts. The court of appeal hears appeal received from trial court of respective jurisdiction to decide the case. It has country wise jurisdiction to hear the specialized cases of appeals such patent laws, the court of international trade and the court of federal claim. Magistrate court helps a lot to minimize the workload of federal circuit courts. The said court has the limited jurisdiction to hear the minor cases of civil or criminal nature. Bankruptcy case deals by the court of Bankruptcy court since the credito rs are not in a position to pay more after liquidating their assets. The USA Tax courts entertain the cases of tax disputes between the parties. The mentioned court comprised of 19 judges appointed by the President who have the expertise on the tax laws. The English Legal System The Great Britain is always referred to a country where common law is prevailed irrespective of other continental country such as France where the mentioned law is called Civil law. A major portion of UK Law is based on legislative acts. It can be primary or secondary legislation. The acts of parliament are considered as Primary legislation where as the legislation of government bodies that the parliament is empowered to legislate is called secondary legislation. Bill in fact is a proposal which is presented in the house of commons or house of lords for debate by the members of Parliament before its passage by the both the houses mentioned hereinabove before becoming an act / law. However, Royal final assent is required for an act / law passed by the House of Lords and House of Commons. Hence, three decisions are expected from the Queen a) assent the law b) dissent the law and c) deferred the law for an appropriate time. Since the Great Britain is the member of European countries, therefore the most laws of the said countries are influenced by English laws. In case of disputes between the EU countries and the UK the law of EU will have an edge over the British laws. Anglo American Common Law

Support of President Obama's Jobs Bill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Support of President Obama's Jobs Bill - Essay Example While touring the nation in the recent weeks, President Obama had repeatedly demanded that Congress passing the bill intact; thus, the Senate’s vote to impede the measure signified a serious setback and occurred after leaders of his own party had modified the measure to comprise surtax on revenue of not less than $1 million to summarize additional Democratic votes. Following this setback, the president condemned the Republicans fro shying away from a measure, which entailed ideas they had previously supported (DeMint 65). In a statement before the vote, the president told the Senate that the vote did not signify the end of this fight since days were coming when members of Congress will be required to take a stand about the bill after carefully analyzing the benefits it brings especially to those who are poorly paid like teachers, policemen and firefighters (DeMint 46). According to Senate Democratic aides, votes on parts of the bill could start this month, or even as early as next week; with party leaders saying that they required to consult their conclave before deciding on the timing or choosing the conditions to be reflected on separately (DeMint 38). There were a number of Democratic senators who asserted they might connect with a few Republicans in looking for job-creation proposals, which might achieve bipartisan support; this is an alarming contest in a chamber whereby comity appears to worsen weekly. On the other hand, House Republican leaders have asserted that they have no intentions of taking the president’s bill in its entirety; rather, they accept the sign from the White House, which indicates that the administration might be ready for a piecemeal effort (Kent). Eric Cantor, who is the House majority leader, as well as the Republican of Virginia, alleged that he was hoping that the president would dismiss his all-or-nothing methodology and start working with the Congress on issues of commonality, comprising of initiatives, which could uphold hiring along with economic growth. Mr. Cantor added, â€Å"We are willing to take up the things we can agree on.† This job’s bill is a combination of public works expending, as well as temporary tax cuts, whose intention are to counter what Mr. Obama refers to as an economic disaster and an emergency. Senate Democrats attempted to make the president’s bill more acceptable by attaching a surtax of 5.6 percent, beginning in 2013, on revenue in surplus of $1 million. As the Senate headed for the vote, Mr. Reid was overheard making allegations that Republicans were in opposition of the president’s jobs bill due to political reasons since they desired for the economy to continue being in poor shape. Mr. Reid claimed that Republicans thought that if the economy gets better, then this might assist President Obama, and that is why they campaign for the economy to fail by opposing every effort of improving it (DeMint 30). Mitch McConnell of Kentucky, who i s the Senate Republican leader, replied in saying that Democrats had prepared this bill for failure, hoping that anyone voting against it will be perceived as a bad person; and that the exercise in its entirety is only a charade, which is meant to offer Democrats with a political edge in the forthcoming

Forward Style Inc. Employee Policy Memo Research Paper

Forward Style Inc. Employee Policy Memo - Research Paper Example With this in mind, Forward Style  Inc. has established a robust employee benefits plan that integrates benefits required by law and optional ones aimed at attracting and retaining employees. Below is a comprehensive coverage of required and optional benefits. Benefits required by law Social insurance, including social security, unemployment insurance, worker’s compensation Federal and state laws require all employers to provide social insurance to their employees. Under this law, employers and employees are required to pay the same rate of social security taxes. Social security insurance aims at ensuring that employees unable to work, owing to a medical condition, collect monthly benefits to meet their everyday needs. Conversely, federal laws require companies to pay unemployment insurance, which is a form of compensation offered to workers whose employment is terminated by no fault of their own. State unemployment insurance programs provide unemployment benefits (monetary p ayments) for a specified duration until the employee finds new employment. State laws typically dictate eligibility, duration of benefits and benefit amounts payable to unemployed workers (US Department of Labor, 2012). Lastly, state compensation laws require employers to provide workers’ compensation insurance coverage to ensure that workers who fall sick or are injured on the job receive compensation. Such benefits include payment of medical bills, as well as payment for lost earnings. However, worker’s compensation is only two-thirds of an employee’s salary. Family and medical leave of 6 paid weeks and up to 6 additional unpaid weeks Federal laws also require employers to provide their employees with family and medical leave under the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), ratified in 1993. The act is applicable to workers who have been employed at least one year and have worked for at least 1,250 hours in the last year. The Act warrants employees to receive up to 12 weeks of job-protected, albeit unpaid leave. However, this duration applies for any 12-month duration and covers the following reasons: care of a worker’s serious health condition; birth and care of an employee’s child or foster child, and care of a close family member, for instance, a parent, spouse or child with a severe health condition. Under FMLA, the company is also required to provide group health benefits throughout an employee’s leave as if the worker continued working rather than taking leave. FMLA is applicable to private workers with more than 50 employees (Conison, 2008). Disability insurance Several territories and states, including Rhode Island, New Jersey, California, New York and Hawaii command businesses to offer insurance coverage to cover partial wage replacement for eligible employees for non-work injuries or illnesses (US Department of Labor, 2012). Disability insurance is taken with local insurance companies. In other territories an d states, employers are not required to offer disability insurance. These programs, however, provide short-term benefits, which are typically low amounts. Optional benefits Private retirement plan Although the federal government provides a wide array of resources with the aim of assisting organizations find a well-suited private retirement and pension plan for their employees, the government does not require employers to establish a private retirement plan. Forward Style

Competencies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Competencies - Assignment Example d nurse to combine knowledge from an assortment of fields such as humanities, health sciences, genetics, health economics and public health for constant improvement of the quality of care they deliver. They are also more qualified than their baccalaureate prepared counterparts to collect, analyze and interpret statistical data in order come up to identify problems within the health sector and design solutions to these issues. This paper discusses the competencies the masters’ prepared nurses acquire during the program and how they aid in improving the health sector. Nursing as an education and a profession is able to address some of the critical issues that arise in this evolving health care system. A study conducted in the USA showed that the US government could save up to 8.75 US dollars annually if hospitals used advanced practice nurses (APNs) in place of physicians for some medical cases. This way they can also plan for their career (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2007). They also help the consumers because they ensure that the service the patients they receive is of high quality and meets set standards. This paper will examine masters’ level competencies for determining the areas that need improvement and if they are still viable given the health care system. I will hence discuss competencies from the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), Quality, and Safety Education for Nursing (QSEN) and National League for Nursing (NLN). The AACN outlines master-level competencies for adult nurse practitioners that add to the core competencies for all nurse practitioners (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2007). The adult nurse is the provider of direct health care services. Within this role, the nurse applies nursing theories, scientific knowledge, and contemporary clinical knowledge to assess and manage the health and illness state of a patient. In the assessment of health, the adult nurse practitioner assesses all aspects

Jewish Marriage Ceremony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jewish Marriage Ceremony - Essay Example The Temple Executive Director handles a broad range of details and logistics. The director is well placed to offer answers to numerous questions in relation to the planning of the wedding ceremony. Further, the temple is also used as a wedding ceremony. Besides the temple, Jewish wedding ceremonies occur in other settings, such as hotels, gardens, and restaurants (Ahabah 4). Before the couples settle for a location outside the synagogue, they are required to consult with the Rabbi to be sure whether it would be suitable for them to travel to that place. According to Jewish customary laws, the Rabbi of the congregation where the wedding ceremony is taking place to officiate at the marriage ceremony. However, at Beth Ahabah, this procedure is a matter of policy (Ahabah 4). The couples are allowed to choose a different Rabbi to officiate for their marriage ceremony even though he is not affiliated with the location congregation. Before the actual marriage ceremony takes place, the bride and groom are required to discuss with the Rabbi many of the details surrounding the ceremony itself. Additionally, most of the families arrange rehearsal ceremonies to practice the recessional, professional, and the placement of people on the Bimah. Typically, a wedding florist, consultant, or photographer conducts the rehearsal. During the rehearsal ceremony, the Rabbi is not expected to attend. The rehearsal ceremonies are normally scheduled with the executive director and if they are held on Fridays, they must be conducted before 6 pm.

Reading Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading Assignment - Essay Example The case of California Marinas illustrates that global warming has other ill effects to the environment and that it has economic consequence not only in terms of loss of lives and properties but also on the income foregone when it ruins the basis of basis which in this case, drying waters in the Marina dock which turns potential customers away. Drying the waters due to dry spell also has other consequences that harm business. It also threatens our food security such as in the case of Castro Valley in California where the agriculture sector also suffered from the dry spell. Time will come that if we will not change our ways to begin taking care of our environment, storms will not only become stronger but will also ruin our business and destroy our crops that we will no longer have source of income nor food to eat. Since the inception of the Drought Monitor in 2000, the entire state of California has recently experienced the three worst stages of drought. This level of drought is the highest stage affecting entire state California. It used to be unthinkable but it is happening now. Unlike in Castro Valley where the drought dried up the waters of its Marina dock turning customers away and in some areas harming its agriculture, the experience of San Diego and San Clemente are more deadly. These areas experienced seven wildfires where raze of fire was so huge that their smoke plumes can be seen by satellite and radar. These wild fires are caused by hot, dry conditions where the dry vegetation acts like a fuel for the fires. Coupled with gusty winds, these wildfires can spread the fire to other areas that could kill people and destroy properties. The destructive effective of global warming are taking its toll in many unusual ways. It no longer manifests in terms of storms and hurricanes, but also in rising seas. In many areas, it causes long droughts that cause water basins to dry up harming people’s livelihood. It also threatens our food security

Pharmacy Law & Ethics Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Pharmacy Law & Ethics Coursework - Essay Example The consequence of this to the pharmacy profession in Great Britain is significant considering that its governing body is a dual function entity – both performing regulatory role and professional leadership function. The present set up of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB hereafter) therefore, runs counter to the Government’s present thrust which is to make health professional regulatory bodies totally independent to be credible to the public. In line with this, the RSPGB is set to demerge its two functions through the creation of a separate regulatory body to be called General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC hereafter) and a separate new professional body, both to take place in 2010 (About the Society 2009). The need to establish a separate regulatory body for the pharmacy profession demerged from the present RPSGB structure was underpinned by Lord Carter of Coles, who headed the Working Party on Professional Regulation and Leadership in Pharmacy in early 2007. In the foreword of the Party’s Report at the conclusion of its review, he said that the justification of a new and separate regulatory body for the profession was keeping in step with the shift in the functional direction of pharmacists from its original â€Å"‘product-focused service’ to a truly clinical profession, directly caring for patients and the public† (MPI 2007 p 4). Subsequently, the Health and Care Act 2008 paved the way for the creation of the GPhC (s 5,  § (2) (1A), Schedule 8). At present, consultations are being undertaken for draft Pharmacy Order 2009, a secondary legislation which will lay down the details of the establishment of the GPhC (DH 2009). In addition, an independent group, called the Pharmacy Regulation and Leadership Oversight Group (PRLOG) chaired by Ken Jarrold CBE, was created to render advice to Ministers in the setting up of the

Education in Private and Public Schools Essay Example for Free

Education in Private and Public Schools Essay Over the past years, there has been lots of interest among the policy makers to compare private and public elementary and secondary schools in the United States. In a sense, both private and public schools follow the same general goals set out in 1979. These goals as Sizer pointed out are expected to serve equally well both the American’s public and private elementary and high school (p. 349). These goals according to Sizer aimed to develop the students’ fundamental scholastic capacity and to make them competitive and responsible individual. Both the private and public are expected to come up with this end, and to touch most aspects of an adolescent’s existence, mind, body, values and career. Generally, as reported by Teresa Mendez in her article said that private schools had performed very satisfactory during the latest Standardized Test for scoring higher than public school. This report summarized the concept that private schools are getting more professional in performing their jobs. This report is very significant since America has set educational policies that are common for both public and private schools. Sizer had stated in his book â€Å"What High School Is† that despite America’s multi-diverse culture and decentralized school government, most schools across America are common in terms of vision or goals related to academic achievements of students. However, as one will look into Sizer’s discussion of similar circumstances and scenario inside a high school in California, he or she can notice some problems regarding students’ attitude and behavior inside and outside the classroom. In particular Sizer portrayed this concept through Mark who is a student who is bored and uninterested with school requirements. On the other hand, there are teachers and staffs who are busy with work and mindful of responsibility at home. These two parties are both elements that comprise education and yet, it seems that the academic goals or vision are not emphasized. This is because; Mark being a recipient of the knowledge appeared to be passive and stubborn since knowledge is somehow undesirable on his view, while teachers and staff are not good mover or instruments of those knowledge. This concept presented by Sizer is common in America, and he seems trying to reconcile the educational goals with proper implementation by adapting some changes in terms of school policy. To better understand this, it is important to analyze the school system in America and how it tries to meet the present needs of the educational system of America, as well as its impact to the existing scenario in most schools. Given the same objective, we can expect less difference although we may expect much similarity between public and private high school education. But studies conducted by the National Center for Education Statistic showed that there are many differences in the public and private education. They explained that although the central goal of education is the same with public and private but both can freely choose objectives and goals related to what has been set up by the government (p. 7). This means that, each school has freedom to set objectives and goal, yet, all of them should match the overall goals of the central government. These goals are directed towards the fundamental academic achievements, career and economic competence, citizenship and civil responsibility, aesthetic awareness and cultural diversity of the students (Sizer, p. 349 – 350). In general, education in America as they view it should cater to the growth and development of individual for the country’s fundamental advancement whether in public or in private schools. It is evident in most schools in America that even though, private and public schools follow through same principles in terms of educational system, and yet, they are differ in many ways from curriculum to policies. The findings of the study done by the National Center for Education Statistic reveals that majority of the public school have curriculum with emphasis on basic literacy and reading skills as their most important goal, while private schools chose to put priority on religious development of their students (p. 8). However, other results of analysis and studies of NCES showed that faculties in public schools are more professional than those in the private school as public school uses a full range of professional living requirements. The article published by the NCES entitled â€Å"Teacher Professionalization and Teacher Commitment: A Multilevel Analysis† noted that teachers in public school are required to have a substantive training in areas of specialization, complete accredited training program, and passage of examination (p. 25). Whereas teachers in private schools, the report appears to be less professional on many ways (p. 25). The report also cited that there is more turnover of teachers in private schools than in public schools. This indicates that public school have more stable teaching force than the private school as public school teachers are receiving much higher salaries which is one of the important factor for teacher to stay in their work. Aside from that, the article noted that private school teachers receive inferior salaries that cause high turn over on the part of private schools. Thus, the report shows that despite the privileges and benefits received by teachers in public school, these teachers have shown lesser commitment as compared to teachers in private schools. In comparison, neophyte teachers from private and public school have greater commitment than those in senior level or those teachers receiving higher salary (p. 26-27). Other factors associated with increase in commitment in teachers according to study are: high-end-of career salary and individual autonomy for teachers. The professionalization and commitment of teachers affect so much the credibility of education imparted to students. Policies implemented in the school system certainly affect the general performance of the school. The goal which the school is heading have influenced not only on the teachers but among the student as well. Roelande Hofman said that studies have shown that private schools have a positive effect on academic achievement (p. 119). Hofman pointed out that private school have the freedom to the kind of students they want to enroll and kick out students who display behavior that violates their own set of rules. Because of this autonomy, it gives the private school authority to reject or to accept students which the public school had only limited autonomy (p. 19). On students and parents preference, private school seemed to attract more because of selection policy. Hofman noted that in public school, the diversity of students’ background as the individual characteristic of students home environment affect with the school. It means that the behavior and conduct of students in school affects the general performance of the school in the areas of character and conduct as Sizer has portrayed in his book, many of the students seemed to have lost appetite to seriously search and acquire knowledge through schooling. In fact, students’ activities inside the campus appeared to be unmonitored by the school authorities as students can transact illegal drugs inside the school premises. Whereas in private school, students activities are daily monitored and any unacceptable manner or any violation of the given rules would easily be met with either warning or punishment. The issue is that the student feels more responsible to study well as they carry in themselves the pride that they there among other students like them who are truly sincere in their study. In general, it appears that though the teachers in the public school have a much better salaries and benefit systems and are more stable in their position compared to their peers in the private schools, yet private school teachers are more committed in their work than teachers in the public school. Second, the policy and goals and vision seem to work well in the private school despite of the fact that teachers in the public school are more professional and more trained and more fitted to work because of the specialization in the field they are handling. Third, that despite of the fact that teachers in private school are less qualified in the position given the requirements required for a public school teacher, yet private school appeared to be preferential choice of parents and students for one more reason disciplined. The similarities between public and private have been quite obvious in the levels of commitment of female teachers than their male counterpart. Both the public and private teachers reflect that female teachers are slightly committed than their male counter part. The article cited that those who are more experienced teachers have less commitment than those new ones which is the same with the private schools. Aside from this, there was not much given similarities between the public and private school. In fact, some authors were even exaggerated to express that what is between public and private are distinct difference in all aspect. Thus, the similarities given were limited only in comparison of male and female teacher in the public as well as in the private school.

Human resource management Essay Example for Free

Human resource management Essay A Human Resources Management System (HRMS) or Human Resources Information System (HRIS) refers to the systems and processes at the intersection between human resource management (HRM) and information technology. It merges HRM as a discipline and in particular its basic HR activities and processes with the information technology field, whereas the programming of data processing systems evolved into standardized routines and packages of enterprise resource planning (ERP) software. On the whole, these ERP systems have their origin on software that integrates information from different applications into one universal database. The linkage of its financial and human resource modules through one database is the most important distinction to the individually and proprietary developed predecessors, which makes this software application both rigid and flexible. To reduce the manual workload of these administrative activities, organizations began to electronically automate many of these processes by introducing specialized human resource management systems. HR executives rely on internal or external IT professionals to develop and maintain an integrated HRMS. Before the client–server architecture evolved in the late 1980s, many HR automation processes were relegated to mainframe computers that could handle large amounts of data transactions. In consequence of the high capital investment necessary to buy or program proprietary software, these internally developed HRMS were limited to organizations that possessed a large amount of capital. The advent of client–server, application service provider, and software as a service (SaaS) or human resource management systems enabled increasingly higher administrative control of such systems. Currently human resource management systems encompass. According to www.oracle.com using an electronic or computerized Human Resource System has several benefits. First is, Automate Key Processes,leverage workflow and internet-based processes to speed and optimize recruitment, hiring, budgeting, compensation, termination, performance, skills, collective agreements, and more. Perform rules-based HR budget control. Second, Get a Single Source of Truth, to maintain global HR data in a single instance for better availability and accuracy of information, with a global single repository of employee data. Third is, Manage Total Compensation, to attract and retain with the right combination of salary and benefits. Set limits and warnings. Control budgets by department, position, or role. Deploy absence and termination policies. Fourth is, Locate and Manage Talent Globally, to manage recruitment, hiring, and deployment on a global basis and address local country requirements at the same time. Manage address information, currency, data formats, banking details, and payment methods for any country. Conduct competency profiling and management. Lastly, Integrate Intelligence with HR Management,to integrate intelligence with HR management to align the workforce with corporate objectives. According to www.nefsis.com using cloud-based video conferencing helps human resources staff leverage state-of-the-art communications and online collaboration tools to advance the HR agenda. Now, online training, employee benefit meetings, and job candidate interviews can be conducted in private and group virtual conference rooms anytime, anywhere. Using Video Conferencing has many benefits, to cut travel expenses for job candidate interviews, to shorten the hiring process, especially for distributed businesses, to improve the reach of employee benefit meetings to those that missed in-person sessions and those traveling, working from home, or at remote offices, and lastly to create a better online platform for employee benefits, safety, and regulatory compliance training. 1.1 BACKGROUND Nowadays, there are a lot of manual systems being renovated to computerized one. Just like the Human Resource (HR) departments, many companies have evolved to a new computerized system, and also there are companies that still working on a manual based system. The function of Human Resource (HR) departments is generally administrative and common to all organizations. Organizations may have formalized selection, evaluation, and payroll processes. Efficient and effective management of human capital progressed to an increasingly imperative and complex process. The HR function consists of tracking existing employee data which traditionally includes personal histories, skills, capabilities, accomplishments and salary. Also the Human Resource (HR) department is in-charge of identifying the potential applicants (Applicant Hiring). Being a Human Resource (HR) department, it is humiliating that they do not have a permanent system or database that can store their employee or applicant’s information day by day. Sometimes, many companies encounter different problems related with the employee or applicant’s information. Using Ms Excel or Manual Filing is not advisable for storing or tracking employee or applicant’s data, using those kind of tracking or storing may cause of loss of file, unreliable data, time consuming, heavy manual workload, heavy human work force, and etc. on payroll, time and attendance, performance appraisal, benefits administration, HR information management system, recruiting/learning management, performance record, employee self-service, scheduling, absence management and analytics. The Human Resource (HR) department encourages the proponents to develop a system that will help or solve the existing problems regarding Human Resource (HR) department and also to decrease the human workforce.

Organizational Culture and Climate

Organizational Culture and Climate CHAPTER II CONCEPT OF THE ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR ,CULTURE AND CLIMATE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ORGANISATION Organizations combine science and people- technology and humanity. Not only technology is difficult to cope by itself, but also adding people to it becomes an immensely complex social system. Within an organization itself, the social system is all the people in it as they relate to each other and to the world outside. The people and the organizations might have some conflict but they live in some degree of mutual interest and harmony. There is a mutual social transaction in which each benefits the other. Individuals use organizations as instruments to achieve their goals just as much organizations use people to reach objectives. There is no idealistic solution to organizational problems; all that can be done is to enhance our understanding and skills so that human relationships at work can be upgraded. Organisations are a universal and pervasive phenomenon manifest in all aspects of human life in different forms. A common thread that runs through all organisations is that they are aggregates of people, and that they have a common purpose. The examination of some definitions will help in appreciating the various facets of organisations. Concept of Organization There are hundreds of definitions of the concept of organization in the management, psychological, and social and sociological literatures and these definitions are being constantly updated and revised. Some of the definitions of organization are as follows: (a) â€Å"Organization is a social group in which the members are differentiated as to their responsibilities for their task of achieving a common goal† (Stogdill 1950). (b) â€Å" Organization is a short hand expression for the integrated aggregation of those persons who are primarily involved in the managing risk and uncertainty- bearing, planning and innovation, co-ordination, administration and control, and routine supervision of an enterprise† ( Harbinson 1959). (c) An organisation is a rational coordination of a number of people for the achievement of some common explicit purpose or goal through a division of labour and function through a hierarchy of authority and responsibility[i] (d) Organisations are human groupings deliberately constructed and reconstructed to meet specific goals[ii] (e) Organisations are physical arrangement of people in various roles for meeting organisational objective.[iii] Common element that runs through these definitions include the fact that organizations involve : (a) Identifiable aggregation of human beings or Individuals banding together to form a group. (b) An organizational goal or the pursuit of a common goal or goals. (c) Coordination of activities with a belief that the group can achieve what an individual cannot. (d) More or less clearly defined responsibilities for its members. (e) Structure or system for coordination. A current concept which leads to better understanding of organisations is to view them as ‘systems existing in the environment. The systems are separate from the environment but their boundaries are permeable, permitting the influence of the environment to act on the system and also enable the outputs of the system to flow into the environment. Every system is composed of a number of sub-systems which interact with and influence each other and also with the larger system, which is their environment. In the services for example, the army is a system with commands as sub-systems. Each of the commands has its own sub-systems such as corps and divisions, forming a hierarchy of systems. Another way of looking at the sub-systems is to classify them by distinct aspects of the functions in organizations for example, human, economic, technical, and so on. Organisations vary in their sensitiveness to the environment. This depends on how open or closed they are to the external influences which impinge on them from the environment However, organisations are neither fully closed nor fully open and the degree of closure/openness determines their characteristics, as described below :- (a) Closed System Organisation[iv]. These are not affected by environmental influences and are designed for the pursuit of clearly specified goals. Organisational arrangements and decisions are geared to goal achievement and are directed towards making the organisation more and more rational and mechanical in the pursuit of its goals. They are characterised by rigid rules, procedures, hierarchical structures and tasks. Such systems are very stable and usually efficient. But, as they are closed from the environment, they have little adaptability and flexibility. Bureaucratic systems are typical closed systems. (b) Open System Organisations. These are systems that consider the environment as a reality. The goals of such organisations emerge as adaptive responses from the influences of the environment. They are not rigid and do not have a strong hierarchical structure. The various parts or sub-systems of the organisation are interdependent; changes in one causing important influences on the other. Such systems are highly adaptive and flexible but are usually low in efficiency. Research and development organisations are usually typical open establishments. Concept of Organizational Behavior Organisational Behavior can be defined as the understanding, prediction and management of human behavior in the organizations.[v] The human behavior in the oraganisation is determined partly by the requirements of the formal organization and partly by the personal system of the individuals forming the organization. The organizational Behavior can also be defined as the field of study that investigates the impact the individuals , groups and the structure have on the behavior in the organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving an organisations effectiveness. The relationship between the individuals , organization and the working environment is shown below :- Organisational Participants Organisational Behavior Organisational Environment The key elements in organizational behavior are people, structure, technology, and the environment in which the organization operates. When people join together in an organization to accomplish an objective, some kind of structure is required. People also use technology to help get the job done, so there is an interaction of people, structure, and technology. In addition, these elements are influenced by the external environment and they influence it. (a) People. People make up the internal social system of the organization. They consist of individual groups, large groups as well as small ones. They may be unofficial, informal groups or official, formal ones. Groups are dynamic. They form, change, and disband. The Human organizations today are not the same as it was yesterday, or the day before. People are living, thinking, feeling beings that created the organization to achieve their objectives. (b) Structure. Structure defines the official relationships of people in the organizations. Different jobs are required to accomplish all of an organizations activities. The people who perform these jobs have to be related in some structural way so that their work can be effective. These relationships create complex problems of cooperation, negotiations, and decision making. (c) Technology. Technology provides the resources with which people work and it affects the task that they perform. The great benefit of technology is that it allows people to do more and better work, but it also restricts people in various ways. (d) Environment. All organizations operate within an external environment. A single operation does not exist alone. It is part of a larger system that contains many other elements. The environment in which an organization operates influences the attitude of people, affects working conditions, and provides competition for resources and power. Concepts Dealing With an Individual.[vi] There are four concepts dealing with the nature of an individual in the Organizational Behavior :- (a) Individual Differences. Every individual has a different gift of nature, different quantity of intelligence and different way of behavior. When it comes to human behavior there cannot be a prescriptive solution. This concept tells a manager that every person should be treated as an entity and should not be stereotyped just because he belongs to a group. (b) Whole Person. When it comes to analyzing the behavioural problems the manger should take into account all the roles an individual is playing in the organization. (c) Motivation. The manager by his own behavior can influence an employee and can cause him to behave in a particular way. (d) Human Dignity. This concept is more on an ethical philosophy. Every person in an organization wants to be treated with respect and is engaged in the same pursuit. Models of Organisational Behavior[vii]. There are four recognizable models of the organizational behavior. These are tabulated as below :- Autocratic Custodial Supportive Collegial Model Depends Upon Power Economic resources Leadership Partnership Managerial Orientation Authority Money Support Teamwork Employee Orientation Obedience Security Job Performance Responsibility Employee Psychological Result Dependence on Boss Dependence on organisation participation Self discipline Employee Needs Met Subsistence Maintenance Higher order Self actualisation Performance Result minimum Passive cooperation Awakened drives Moderate enthusiasm, Autocratic model was in existence at the time of industrial revolution . subsequently the thinking shifted to the custodial model which consisted of giving some sops, concessions and privileges to the employee to keep them happy. In both the autocratic and the custodial models the managers did not bother creating a conducive atmosphere for the employees. The supportive model emerged as a sequel to the human relations era. This model assumes that the employees have some skill and will contribute to the organization. Thus the manager is not the boss of the team but a leader of the team of employees entrusted under him to perform a particular job. Leader is responsible for creating an environment to utilize the skills and wills of the employees to contribute to the organizational effort. The collegial model is more applicable to the to scientific and professional employees where the role of the manager is changed to a partner in pursuit of the same objective as the employee. Concept of Organizational Culture Organisatinal culture is a pattern of beliefs and expectations shared by the members of the organization. These beliefs and expectations produce norms that powerfully shape the behavior of individuals and groups in the organization. The organizational culture includes[viii] :- (a) Routine behavior when people interact. (b) The norms that are shared by everyone in an organization. (c) The dominant values held by the organization. (d) The philosophy that guides the organizations policies. (e) Climate in an organization. (f) Rules in an organization. Organizational Culture has the potential to enhance the organizational effectiveness , individual satisfaction and the sense of belonging to the organization. However if the organization culture gets out of step with the changing expectation of the stakeholders, the organizations effectiveness can be hindered. A strong culture facilitates goal alignment. As all employees have same basic values, therefore they agree on not only the goals but also the methods of achieving them too. Thus the energies of the employees is channeled in the same direction and the organization performance is better. A strong culture leads to high levels of employee motivation because a strong culture automatically attracts the people towards the organization. A strong culture also enables an organization to learn from its past. The strong culture reinforces the consensus on the interpretation of issues and events based on the past experiences, provides precedents from the organizations history which help in deciding course of action to meet the new challenges. Organisational culture exists on different levels that differ in terms of visibility and the resistance to change[ix]. The least visible or the deepest level is the basic shared assumptions which represent the beliefs about the organisation that needs to be run. The next level of culture is the cultural values which represent the collective beliefs, assumptions and feelings about what things are good , normal , rational , valuable and so on. These values tend to persist over time when the organisational membership changes. The next level is that of the shared behaviors , including norms which are more visible and somewhat easier to change than the values. The most superficial level of oragnisational culture consists of the symbols. Culture symbols are the words , gestures and pictures or other physical objects that carry particular meaning to the culture. Concept of Organizational Climate The concept of organisational climate is derived from the atmospheric climate. Just as two places can be differentiated with reference to elements of atmospheric climate like temperature, humidity, etc, organisations also can be differentiated on the basis of organisation climate prevailing in them. There is evidence to show that there is a very close relationship between organizational climate, job satisfaction, performance of individuals and ultimately organisational effectiveness. Organisation Climate[x] is a set of distinctive features that distinguish one organisation from another and influence the behavior of people. It may also be defined as behaviour, shared beliefs, and values that members have in organisation. It often sets the tone for the organisation and establishes implied rules for the way people should behave. In every organisation, there exist certain elements which exert profound influence on the existing climate. These are :- (a) Organisational Context . The foremost factor is command/ management philosophy. Reactions of the members of the organisation on the degree to which they accept this philosophy is crucial to a good organisational climate. The climate would be highly favourable, when existing command styles/management techniques are such that members goals match those of the organization. (b) Structure. Nature of relationships, de-alienation of the hierarchy, centralised/decentralised decision making etc affect the climate of an organisation. (c) Process. Some of the vital processes in an oraganisation are communication, decision making and leadership. In all these processes the interface between the superior and the subordinate are visible and cannot be ignored. (c) Physical Environment. The external factors like safety, comfort and decor effect the organisational climate of an organisation. (d) System Value and Norms. Every organisation has discernable and fairly evident formal value system. The formal value system is communicated to the members through rules, regulations and policies. The informal organisations within also exert influence on values and consequently on climate. Role of the Commander. [xi] The most important, is the factor of leadership, especially so in the context of the defence services. Leaders especially the top leadership create the culture for the organisations. In the defence services, since all personnel are subject to the same rules, regulations ,. the commander is the greatest influence factor. He is responsible for creating, developing and sustaining a healthy organisational climate, in keeping with the stage of growth of his unit or formation. By his leadership example and decision making style, a commander can create a healthy organisation climate for his subordinates to function and develop. [i] College of Defence Management Handbook Organisational Effectiveness. CDM Press, 1997,p.9. [ii] Ibid. [iii] Ibid. [iv] Ibid .pp 11-13. [v] Fred Luthans. Organizational Behavior. Irwin-McGraw Hill, 1998,p.16. [vi] A R Sapre. Organisational Behavior. Pune: Symbiosis Centre for Distance Learning,2004,pp 16-17. [vii] Ibid. pp 18-19. [viii] Luthans. Op cit. pp 550. [ix] Sapre. Op cit . pp 204. [x] College of Defence Management Handbook. Op cit. pp 35-38. [xi] Ibid . pp 36-39.

A Short Talk on Preparing a Talk Essay -- Speech

A Short Talk on Preparing a Talk 1. Introduction This paper offers suggestions for more effective ways to plan the talk, and a checklist of points you should consider from the moment you know you will give a talk. Careful preparation and effective delivery are the keys to giving quality speeches or presentations. Without sufficient preparation, you may find yourself unable to respond to questions raised by the audience, which will lessen the impact of what you have to say. No matter how much time you have to prepare a talk, it never seems to be enough. Yet, before you can begin to work on the talk itself, or even start to prepare any visual aids, there are four points you need to consider: duration of the talk, audience, subject and objective. In this paper these four points are discussed. Let us deal with them one by one in the order they appear above. 2. Duration of the talk The shorter the talk has to be; the more difficult it will be to do it well. Giving a brief talk requires proportionally more preparation time than longer talk. You have less time to search for the right words, less time to receive feedback from your audience, less time to work through theory and to give illustrations. If you want to be effective, do not underestimate the time it will take you to prepare yourself for a short five to twenty minutes) talk. The time allowed for the talk also determines the scope and the level of detail you can go into. A brief talk will necessarily be less complicated and will deal with fewer points. The duration of the talk can roughly be estimated as follows: studies in reading have found that an average person speaks at more or less 150 words per minute. A ten-minute talks therefore cannot be much longer than 1500 spoken words. If you are going to read your speech (something which you should avoid doing) you can prepare about three and a half A4 pages (12 font and single spaced), which will give you about 1250 words. You will need additional time to get on stage, say the opening words and tell the audience what you will be talking about, and to get off stage at the end with a short recap. In this figures give you an idea of time spend in talking, nevertheless you are still advised to rehearse and rehearse in advance until you are sure of the exact amount of time you will need. Instead of reading the talk you may decide to t... ... a success. It is very difficult to give an effective talk, reading up on the script while preparing the visual aids. 5. Objective Finally, there is your objective or aim of giving the talk. This objective needs to be phrased in terms of the behaviour you hope to see in your audience if the talk is a success. This is fairly concrete goal. Your aim or objective is the touchstone against which you can test all your options in selection and/or omission of material, the organisation and structuring of the talk, the choice of a slide or other visual aid, etc. Without a clear objective it will be all too easy to wander off the point, to prepare irrelevant materials or to organise the talk in a way that confuses the listener. It is always worthwhile to try out different ways of phrasing the overall objective of the talk, as small differences in phrasing may lead you to new insights on the content and structure of the presentation. At this stage you lay the groundwork for the many hours of preparation that will follow. It is therefore well worthwhile spending a little extra time in the planning stage, attempting to be specific and concrete in phrasing the objectives as possible.

Tender Is the Night Parallels Fitzgerald’s Life Essay -- Tender Is the

Tender Is the Night Parallels Fitzgerald’s Life Away! Away! for I will fly to thee, Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards, But on the viewless wings of Poesy Though the dull brain perplexes and retards: Already with thee! Tender is the night†¦ -From â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† by John Keats Charles Scribner III in his introduction to the work remarks that â€Å"the title evokes the transient, bittersweet, and ultimately tragic nature of Fitzgerald’s ‘Romance’ (as he had originally subtitled the book)† (Fitzgerald ix). Tender Is the Night parallels Fitzgerald’s own struggles with his mentally ill Zelda, and the characters are carefully constructed from his interactions with the social elite of artists, composers and Hollywood personas on the French Riviera and Rome, among other settings. From the fall of 1925 to the spring of 1934, Fitzgerald revised his fourth novel seventeen times before it was published—he was still revising it when he died in 1940. Over those years he continually promised Perkins the novel, but had to delay due to his incessant creative manipulation and extenuating personal circumstances. When he began work on the novel in 1925, he was battling debt and a severe drinking problem. His idea for his fourth novel centered around matricide and a movie director named Francis Mularky. In this version, the protagonist Mularky befriends an expatriate group and then mentally falls apart, subsequently killing his mother. The inspiration for this character, according to Bruccoli, came from two of Fitzgerald’s friends: Theodore Chanler, a composer that shared in the over-indulgent expatriate life with F. Scott and the couples, the Murphys and the MacLeishes, and then abruptly dec... ...ultiple sanitariums and found himself attracted to a young actress, Lois Moran. The novel is a chronicle of the unraveling of a character that eerily foreshadows Gatsby’s own unraveling from a drinking problem, an ailing wife and fading professional success. Works Cited: Bruccoli, Matthew J. â€Å"A Brief Life of Fitzgerald.† F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Life in Letters, ed. Bruccoli with assistance of Judith Baughman. New York: Scribner’s, 1994. Online: http://www.sc.edu/fitzgerald/biography.html Bruccoli, Matthew J. The Composition of Tender Is the Night. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 1963. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tender Is the Night. New York: Scribner, 1933. 1982 ed. Stern, Milton R. Tender Is the Night: The Broken Universe. New York: Twayne, 1994. Other Sources: â€Å"Books and Works.† Tender Is the Night Parallels Fitzgerald’s Life Essay -- Tender Is the Tender Is the Night Parallels Fitzgerald’s Life Away! Away! for I will fly to thee, Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards, But on the viewless wings of Poesy Though the dull brain perplexes and retards: Already with thee! Tender is the night†¦ -From â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† by John Keats Charles Scribner III in his introduction to the work remarks that â€Å"the title evokes the transient, bittersweet, and ultimately tragic nature of Fitzgerald’s ‘Romance’ (as he had originally subtitled the book)† (Fitzgerald ix). Tender Is the Night parallels Fitzgerald’s own struggles with his mentally ill Zelda, and the characters are carefully constructed from his interactions with the social elite of artists, composers and Hollywood personas on the French Riviera and Rome, among other settings. From the fall of 1925 to the spring of 1934, Fitzgerald revised his fourth novel seventeen times before it was published—he was still revising it when he died in 1940. Over those years he continually promised Perkins the novel, but had to delay due to his incessant creative manipulation and extenuating personal circumstances. When he began work on the novel in 1925, he was battling debt and a severe drinking problem. His idea for his fourth novel centered around matricide and a movie director named Francis Mularky. In this version, the protagonist Mularky befriends an expatriate group and then mentally falls apart, subsequently killing his mother. The inspiration for this character, according to Bruccoli, came from two of Fitzgerald’s friends: Theodore Chanler, a composer that shared in the over-indulgent expatriate life with F. Scott and the couples, the Murphys and the MacLeishes, and then abruptly dec... ...ultiple sanitariums and found himself attracted to a young actress, Lois Moran. The novel is a chronicle of the unraveling of a character that eerily foreshadows Gatsby’s own unraveling from a drinking problem, an ailing wife and fading professional success. Works Cited: Bruccoli, Matthew J. â€Å"A Brief Life of Fitzgerald.† F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Life in Letters, ed. Bruccoli with assistance of Judith Baughman. New York: Scribner’s, 1994. Online: http://www.sc.edu/fitzgerald/biography.html Bruccoli, Matthew J. The Composition of Tender Is the Night. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 1963. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tender Is the Night. New York: Scribner, 1933. 1982 ed. Stern, Milton R. Tender Is the Night: The Broken Universe. New York: Twayne, 1994. Other Sources: â€Å"Books and Works.†

Free Flow of Capital in Developing Countries Essay -- Essays Papers

Free Flow of Capital in Developing Countries Today, there are very few who argue against free trade, however, the idea of capital mobility to and from developing countries is a highly debated issue. Capital is the financing(money) or goods, used to produce other goods. Capital can further be split among capital debt and capital equity/finance. Equity capital or financing, is money raised by a business in exchange for a share of ownership. Ownership is achieved through shares of stock. Debt capital is represented by funds borrowed by a business that must be repaid over a period of time, usually with interest. Typically, short term debt is of less concern because if stockholders sell out, the value of the stock falls and the stockholder is hurt. The company isn’t necessarily hurt now, but will have a difficult time raising funds through future stock issues. Debt is of more concern. If short term debt isn’t renewed, than the company has to liquidate assets in order to pay. Therefore, capital mobility is the free flow of liquid investments from one country to another. Now although capital mobility could finance the world’s developing countries, increase wages, and create a more competitive world market (which is very beneficial to consumers); there are negative affects including income inequality, corruption, and bad capital control management . This paper will tackle both the good and bad aspects of capital flows in order to further analyze the theory of capital mobility. Before continuing it is necessary to look at some of the background and purpose of capital flows. Only until around 1980, have developing countries seen this idea as positive. Before, there was the feeling that with foreign capital a... ...s should absolutely approach with caution, because capital flows are too unstable to gamble with. Resources - Class Lecture Notes: â€Å"Trade and Capital Flows† - Class Handout: â€Å"Trade and Employment† - Hartwell, A. Christopher. Policy Analysis: The Case Against Capital Controls. The CATO Institute. Washington D.C. June 14, 2001. - http://econ.cudenver.edu/beckman/econ4410/stiglitz-world%20crisis.doc - http://quote.bloomberg.com/apps/news pid=10000039&sid=aFNcMq9i7rx0&refer= columnist_derosa - http://www.bepress.com/ev/vol1/iss1/art1/ - http://0-firstsearch.oclc.org.skyline.cudenver.edu/WebZ/FSFETCH?fetchtype=full record:sessionid=sp07sw02-58421-e0iyjwrgp5q5z:entitypagenum=3:0:recno=1 :resultset=1:format=FI:next=html/record.html:bad=error/badfetch.html:entitytop recno=1:entitycurrecno=1:numrecs=1

Uranium Mining in Australia

In the last forty years, Uranium has become one of the worlds most important energy minerals. Primarily, Uranium produced in Australia has used for the sole production of electricity. However a small proportion of the Uranium mined is for important medical isotopes. It is for this reason that Uranium mining is an ever-important and pressing point of discussion. Mining itself has been criticized for the massive effect it on the environment around it. Uranium mining is no different, and more often then not, the after effects of Uranium mining are more detrimental to the environment. Unlike other mining, Uranium mining has also caused a major stir in the actual use of the Uranium after it has been mined. The environmental problems of Uranium mining go further then the actual mining and by products. The uses of Uranium have been seen as risky and dangerous. Using Uranium as a source of energy has already shown the disastrous effects. The melt down at Chernobyl is still causing health problems in citizens after 30 years. On the upside, Uranium mining creates employment and boosts the Australian Economy. It is for these reasons that Uranium Mining is a process that needs to be looked at carefully before any judgements are made on it's future in Australia. Chemistry Of Uranium and Uranium Mining In the Earth's crust, mineral Uranium averages about two parts per million. Traces of Uranium occur just about everywhere on earth. In Australia, the existence of uranium has been noted since the 1890's. In 1930, ores were mined at Radium Hill in South Australia for minute deposits of Radium. The Radium was used for medical purposes. As a result of the Radium mining, a couple of hundred kilograms of uranium was obtained and used exclusively to produce colours in glass and ceramics. In 1954 the Government started up a major uranium producer in Run Jungle, known as Rum Jungle Mine. Because of this Australia began to emerge as a potential source of uranium for the world's nuclear electricity production. 1970's large amounts of Uranium deposits were found dotted around Australia. This signaled the start of mines in the Northern Territory such as Ranger and Jabiluka, and also in South Australia with Olympic Dam. Uranium is found rocks of the earth's crust, at 4 parts per million. The extraction (removal) or mining process varies from where the uranium ore deposits are found. Surface cut techniques are used where the uranium ore if found close to the surface. Surface cut mines involved the uranium being found close to the surface, so the uranium is removed from a shallow pit. Fig 1. 0 Ranger Mine found in the Northern Territory. The uranium ore is removed via the open cut mining method. Underground mining is used when the ore is found deep underground. In this process, the ore is removed in a similar fashion to copper; the mine is built in the ground. Olympic Damn Mine in South Australia, relies on the underground mining process. Another way to remove ore is called In-Situ Leaching. It is a popular way to mine Uranium, as it doesn't affect the landscape as much as open cut or underground mining. It is used to remove Uranium filled sand that is found in water in a porous rock, which itself confined in a non-porous rock. In situ leaching involves a leaching liquid (ammonium-carbonate or sulfuric acid) pumped through drill- holes into underground uranium deposits, with the uranium bearing liquid is pumped out from below. Ore mined in open pit or underground mines, unlike in situ leaching, has to be crushed and leached in a uranium mill. A Uranium mill is a chemical plant designed to extract uranium from ore. It is usually located near the mines to limit transportation. In the most cases, sulfuric acid is used as the leaching agent, but alkaline leaching can also used. As the leaching agent not only extracts uranium from the ore, but also several other constituents like molybdenum, vanadium, selenium, iron, lead and arsenic, the uranium must be separated out of the leaching solution. The final product produced from the mill, commonly referred to as â€Å"yellow cake† (U3O8 with impurities), is packed and shipped in casks. The reaction between the uranium ore and sulfuric acid. The UO2 is then oxidised. In some cases uranium has been removed from low-grade ore by a process called heap leaching. This may be done if the uranium contents are too low for the ore to be economically processed in a uranium mill. Heaping leaching is performed by using a leaching liquid (often sulfuric acid) being introduced to the top of the pile of ore. The acid or leaching liquid, percolates down until it reaches a liner below the pile or ore, where it is caught and pumped to a processing plant. This liquid contains the uranium. During leaching, the piles of ore present a hazard because of the risk of release of dust, radon gas and leaching liquid. (referenced from Hardy, C J, 1978, The Chemistry of Uranium Milling, Radiochimica Acta 25, 121-134) Nuclear Mining and Milling has a serious social relevance. The tailings from the Uranium mining have serious health risks and environmental hazards. There are many serious environmental arguments over the mining of Uranium. The mining process itself in Australia has strict guidelines, yet the waste products from the mining process still have an extremely detrimental effect on the environment. Uranium mill tailings (or waste products from the crushing and leaching of the ore) are normally dumped as sludge in special ponds or piles (heaps). These piles/ponds are then abandoned. The amount of sludge produced is roughly equal to that of the ore milled. Long-living decay products such as the radioactive elements Thorium-230 and Radium-226 are not removed from the sludge. This means that the sludge contains over half of the initial radioactivity of the ore. As well as this, unfortunately, due to mainly technical limitations not all of the Uranium present in the ore can be removed in the milling process. Therefore, the sludge (which is the waste product) still contains at least 5% of the uranium present in the ore to start off with. The sludge also contains a variety of heavy metals and other contaminants. These include arsenic, as well as the highly corrosive chemical reagents used during the milling process (such as the sulfuric acid used in leaching). The mining and milling process fundamentally removes the hazardous constitutes in the ore from their relatively safe underground location. Mined Uranium itself does not emit hazardous radiation. Radium-226 found in the tailings continuously decays to the radioactive gas Radon-222. Radon-222 has a decay product that has been thought to cause lung cancer. Radon releases are a major hazard that continues even after uranium mines are shut down. The Radon can escape from the interior of the tailing piles or sludge. Since radon spreads quickly with the wind, many people receive small additional radiation doses. However, in Australia the majority of mines are based away from residential or populated areas. It is a concern for workers though, but with safety apparatus, the risk factor is non-existent. Tailing deposits are also subject to many different kinds of erosion. During and after a heavy rainfall, erosion gullies can form where the tailing deposits are left. Floods can destroy the whole deposit, leaving it dispersed everywhere. Interestingly enough, plants and burrowing animals can penetrate into the deposit and disperse the material, which subsequently enhances the radon emanation and make the deposit more susceptible to erosion. When the surface of the pile dries out, the fine sands are blown by the wind over adjacent areas. Erosion leaves the tailing deposits at a risk of dispersion. Seepage from tailing piles is another major hazard. Seepage poses a risk of contamination to ground and surface water. This water can be transferred to fish that swim in the water, then to whoever consumes the fish. Tailings dams are more often then not, not of stable construction. In most cases, they were made from sedimentation of the tailing sludge. Some are even built on geologic faults. This means that they are at greater risk of an earthquake. Strong rain or snowstorms can also cause dam failures. It is of no surprise that time after time dam failures have occurred. It was thought that bringing the tailings back to where the ore was mined would be an acceptable solution for the tailing disposal. Even though most of the Uranium was removed from the material, it did not mean the material was less hazardous. Most of the contaminants are still present. It is because of the processes the materials have to go through to extract the uranium which leaves the material in a condition where the contaminants are much more mobile (sludge and sand), therefore the material susceptible to migration into the environment. In most cases, tailings have to be dumped on the surface for lack of other options. Here, the protection requirements can more easily be controlled by appropriate methods, but additional measures have to be performed to assure protection from erosion. Uranium mining has also caused some concerns because of where the ore deposits are located. Jabiluka mine is in the heart of Kakadu, a National Park, and also in the mines in the Arnhem region. Aboriginal communities are against the mine sites as they are on their cultural land and heritage. It can be argued however, that with strict regulations in the mining and milling of Uranium, the environmental effects and cultural disturbances can be minimal. The mine-tailing dam should for one not be built on a geological fault. This itself is an obvious way of minimizing the risk of contaminants being released. The site should not be located anywhere near or in the flood plain of rivers, and the level of the dam should be deep. If there is any seepage from the tailing dam, it shouldn't pose a risk to the ground water. During investigation of the site, ground water flow has to be monitored, to allow development of computer based three- dimensional ground water models. These models can be used for prediction of effects of supposed or real contaminant releases. This in itself can show the health and risk factor in the mine tailing. With this technology, we can work towards finding out ways in which to minimize the risks involved with the tailings. The deposits of the clay appropriate for lining and covering the deposit should not be located too far away, and the site should be remote from residential areas. It's these basic guidelines, that when followed, make Uranium mining and milling quite safe and not hazardous to the environment or people (taken from OECD NEA 1993, The Safety of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, ch 2) To increase the safety of a tailing deposit area, be it a damn or a pile, certain management are applied to reduce the risk of hazardous contaminants being released into the environment. Dewatering of the sludge, smoothing of the slopes, and installation of erosion protection. On top of the pile, an appropriate cover should be installed for protection against release of gamma radiation and radon gas, beginning of precipitation, intrusion of the plants and animals, and erosion. This cover in most cases consists of several different layers to meet all requirements. Moreover, the catchement collection and treatment of seepage water is necessary to release purified waters to the surface water only. In the long term however, water treatment should no longer be necessary. Uranium mining, despite the outcry against the environmental problems it can cause, is quite a positive and good thing for the Australian society. Through the mining and milling process, jobs are created and new skills gained. Unemployment is a big issue in Australia, and by boosting the employment rate, essentially boosting the economy. Uranium mining also brings Australia money through exports. In 1997-98 Australian Uranium accounted for 15 per cent of world production, worth about $288 million to Australia. (Lambert et al, 1996, Australia's Uranium Resources, BRS (expenditure, early resource) Fig 1. 1 Showing the amount of money Uranium export brings Australia Taken from: ‘Australia's Uranium and who owns It' Briefing Paper (Found at http://www. uic. com. au/nip01. htm) Advancements in mining technology will mean that hazardous contaminants in the Uranium tailings can be removed before the sludge is dumped in dams or piles. By doing so, the sludge piles/dams would be of no hazard to the environment and could be used to fill back up the mining sites. At the moment there are strict laws that govern Australian these laws and mine sites, are in place to minimize the risk of hazardous radiation being released from the waste piles (tailing dams, sludge piles etc). Only the future can tell what Uranium holds for us. Uranium mining at the present moment has a lot of controversy surrounding it, and the effects on the environment and cultural groups. It has to be realised that the laws governing Uranium Mining in Australia are strict and dictate how Uranium mining is undertaken. This means that there is little to no risk of the tailings being deposited on ‘risky' sites, and the risk of hazardous contaminants being released into the environment are small. By being sensitive to the views and culture of the Indigenous people, and involving them in decisions surrounding the mine, it won't be long until mining companies and these people come to an understanding or agreement.