Projectile Motion free essay sample

A pool ball leaves a 0. 60-meter high table with an initial horizontal velocity of 2. 4 m/s. Predict the time required for the pool ball to fall to the ground and the horizontal distance between the tables edge and the balls landing location. b. A soccer ball is kicked horizontally off a 22. 0-meter high hill and lands a distance of 35. 0 meters from the edge of the hill. Determine the initial horizontal velocity of the soccer ball. Problem Type 2: A projectile is launched at an angle to the horizontal and rises upwards to a peak while moving horizontally. Upon reaching the peak, the projectile falls with a motion that is symmetrical to its path upwards to the peak. Predictable unknowns include the time of flight, the horizontal range, and the height of the projectile when it is at its peak. Examples of this type of problem are a. A football is kicked with an initial velocity of 25 m/s at an angle of 45-degrees with the horizontal. We will write a custom essay sample on Projectile Motion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Determine the time of flight, the horizontal distance, and the peak height of the football. b. A long jumper leaves the ground with an initial velocity of 12 m/s at an angle of 28-degrees above the horizontal. Determine the time of flight, the horizontal distance, and the peak height of the long-jumper. The second problem type will be the subject of  the next part of Lesson 2. In this part of Lesson 2, we will focus on the first type of problem sometimes referred to as horizontally launched projectile problems. Three common kinematic equations that will be used for both type of problems include the following: Equations for the Horizontal Motion of a Projectile The above equations work well for motion in one-dimension, but a projectile is usually moving in two dimensions both horizontally and vertically. Since these two components of motion are independent of each other, two distinctly separate sets of equations are needed one for the projectiles horizontal motion and one for its vertical motion. Thus, the three equations above are transformed into two sets of three equations. For the horizontal components of motion, the equations are Of these three equations, the top equation is the most commonly used. An application of projectile concepts to each of these equations would also lead one to conclude that any term with ax  in it would cancel out of the equation  since ax= 0 m/s/s. Equations for the Vertical Motion of a Projectile For the vertical components of motion, the three equations are In each of the above equations,  the vertical acceleration of a projectile is known to be -9. 8 m/s/s  (the acceleration of gravity). Furthermore, for the special case of  the first type of problem  (horizontally launched projectile problems), viy  = 0 m/s. Thus, any term with viy  in it will cancel out of the equation. The two sets of three equations above are the kinematic equations that will be used to solve projectile motion problems. Solving Projectile Problems To illustrate the usefulness of the above equations in making predictions about the motion of a projectile, consider the solution to the following problem. ExampleA pool ball leaves a 0. 60-meter high table with an initial horizontal velocity of 2. 4 m/s. Predict the time required for the pool ball to fall to the ground and the horizontal distance between the tables edge and the balls landing location. | The solution of this problem begins by equating the known or given values with the symbols of the kinematic equations x, y, vix, viy, ax, ay, and t. Because horizontal and vertical information is used separately, it is a wise idea to organized the given information in two columns one column for horizontal information and one column for vertical information. In this case, the following information is either given or implied in the problem statement: Horizontal Information| Vertical Information| x = vix  = 2. 4 m/sax  = 0 m/s/s| y = -0. 60 mviy  = 0 m/say  = -9. 8 m/s/s| As indicated in the table, the unknown quantity is the horizontal displacement (and the time of flight) of the pool ball. The solution of the problem now requires the selection of an appropriate strategy for using the  kinematic equationsand the known information to solve for the unknown quantities. It will almost always be the case that such a strategy demands that one of the  vertical equations  be used to determine the time of flight of the projectile and then one of the  horizontal equations  be used to find the other unknown quantities (or vice versa first use the horizontal and then the vertical equation). An organized listing of known quantities (as in the table above) provides cues for the selection of the strategy. For example, the table above reveals that there are three quantities known about the vertical motion of the pool ball. Since each equation has four variables in it, knowledge of three of the variables allows one to calculate a fourth variable. Thus, it would be reasonable that a vertical equation is used with the vertical values to determine time and then the horizontal equations be used to determine the horizontal displacement (x). The  first vertical equation  (y = viy†¢t +0. 5†¢ay†¢t2) will allow for the determination of the time. Once the appropriate equation has been selected, the physics problem becomes transformed into an algebra problem. By substitution of known values, the equation takes the form of -0. 60 m = (0 m/s)†¢t  + 0. 5†¢(-9. 8 m/s/s)†¢t2 Since the first term on the right side of the equation reduces to 0, the equation can be simplified to -0. 60 m = (-4. 9 m/s/s)†¢t2 If both sides of the equation are divided by -5. 0 m/s/s, the equation becomes 0. 122 s2  =  t2 By taking the square root of both sides of the equation, the time of flight can then be determined. = 0. 350 s  (rounded from 0. 3499 s) Once the time has been determined, a  horizontal equation  can be used to determine the horizontal displacement of the pool ball. Recall from the  given information, vix  = 2. 4 m/s and ax  = 0 m/s/s. The first horizontal equation (x = vix†¢t + 0. 5†¢ax†¢t2) can then be used to solve for x. With the equation selected, the physics problem once more becomes transformed into an algebra problem. By substitution of known values, the equation takes the form of x = (2. 4 m/s)†¢(0. 3499 s) + 0. 5†¢(0 m/s/s)†¢(0. 499 s)2 Since the second term on the right side of the equation reduces to 0, the equation can then be simplified to x = (2. 4 m/s)†¢(0. 3499 s) Thus, x = 0. 84 m  (rounded from 0. 8398 m) The answer to  the stated problem  is that the pool ball is in the air for 0. 35 seconds and lands a horizontal distance of 0. 84 m from the edge of the pool table. The following procedure summarizes the above problem-solving approach. a. Carefully read the problem and list known and unknown information in terms of the symbols of the kinematic equations. For convenience sake, make a table with horizontal information on one side and vertical information on the other side. b. Identify the unknown quantity that the problem requests you to solve for. c. Select either a horizontal or vertical equation to solve for the time of flight of the projectile. d. With the time determined, use one of the other equations to solve for the unknown. (Usually, if a horizontal equation is used to solve for time, then a vertical equation can be used to solve for the final unknown quantity. ) One caution is in order. The sole reliance upon 4- and 5-step procedures to solve physics problems is always a dangerous approach. Physics problems are usually just that problems! While problems can often be simplified by the use of short procedures as the one above, not all problems can be solved with the above procedure. While steps 1 and 2 above are critical to your success in solving horizontally launched projectile problems, there will always be a problem that doesnt  fit the mold. Problem solving is not like cooking; it is not a mere matter of following a recipe.

Chemistry Major College Courses

Chemistry Major College Courses Are you interested in studying chemistry in college? Here is a look at the courses you can expect to take if you have a chemistry major. The specific courses you take will depend on which school you attend, but in general you can expect a heavy emphasis on chemistry and math. Almost all of the chemistry courses include a lab component, too. General ChemistryOrganic ChemistryInorganic ChemistryBiochemistryAnalytical ChemistryPhysical ChemistryPhysicsBiologyCalculusProbabilityStatistics Computer Science Sequence of Courses Some of the required classes can be taken whenever you can fit them into your schedule, such as probability, statistics, and computer science. Others have prerequisites. What this means is that you have to take one or more other classes before youll be allowed to enroll. If possible, a chemistry major should try to take general chemistry as a freshman. The course is typically broken up into two parts and takes an entire academic year to complete. Taking it early helps a student determine whether chemistry is truly what they want to pursue and it opens the opportunity to take organic chemistry. Organic chemistry also requires an entire academic year to complete at most institutions. It is a prerequisite for biochemistry and other interdisciplinary courses. In other words, a student usually needs three years to get through the general chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry sequence. If youre a chemistry major and you wait until your junior (third) year to take general chemistry, you cant graduate in less than four and a half years! In addition to organic chemistry, general biology is a prerequisite for biochemistry. General biology lasts an entire academic year. A student should be careful when registering for general biology to make certain its the correct class. Many schools offer a watered down version of general biology for non-science majors that may count for college credit, but wont satisfy the requirements for a major or to take higher level biology or chemistry courses. Physics and sometimes calculus are required to take physical chemistry. Because physics is often taken in the second or third year, its normal for physical chemistry to be one of the last major courses a chemistry major takes. Inorganic chemistry always requires general chemistry. Some schools tack on additional requirements. Like physical chemistry, its typically taken later in a students academic career.

Reflictive account of my own learning jouerny with evidence of my own Essay

Reflictive account of my own learning jouerny with evidence of my own devolpment - Essay Example I believe self-assessment is the best barometer for analysing the fruits of an academic experience. In this paper, a critical assessment of my academic journey in UK is conducted through reflective accounts from various perspectives such as coping with issues like problem solving, time management, assignment designing, feedback gathering and bonding with teammates. Reflective learning, according to Jennifer Moon, is â€Å"relatively independent form of mediation† and therefore, its impact on students becomes farfetched since it encourages skills beyond formal educating outcomes such as self-management and analytical thinking (2004, p.74). I can aptly state that this aspect of reflective learning has benefitted me greatly. I have learned to face and manage numerous issues on my own, which is also known as problem solving. According to Steven Krantz problem solving is not a one-time issue but it is a part of everyday life and analytical thinking, though is not a panacea, but a p owerful method â€Å"for dealing with many situations† (1997, p.9). ... I tried to make friends by allowing them to get an idea about my personality because studying becomes an enjoyable experience when you are surrounded by friends and not acquaintances. Assignments are critical since â€Å"results of research undertakings are communicated by assignments† (Jarvis, 2004, p.178). I used to dread academic writing because according to James Hartley â€Å"it typically falls into the 'difficult' and the 'very difficult' categories† (2008, p.7) and for international students, Diane Pecorari feels â€Å"academic writing in a second language is a challenging task† (2013, p.119). However, my intention was to change the stigmatic perception that plagiarism and foreign students are strongly connected. In this regard, my teachers and fellow students were very encouraging. Whenever I felt that I was not able to comprehend the course material properly, they explained it to me. Moreover, the concepts of objective and subjective writing also ensured that I was able to write and express myself in an authentic academic manner without being too opinionated. Dave Burnapp defines Objective writing as â€Å"a style where the focus is on a topic being discussed† instead on â€Å"the thoughts and feelings of the writer† and he distinguished Subjective style from Objective by stating that it primarily focuses on â€Å"the emotions, psychology and experiences of the writer.† (2009, p.196-198) Gradually, I learnt to give preference to scholarly material in my researches and gathered analysis from experts only so that my verdict is always derived from reliable information. Now I feel comfortable in both objective and subjective style of academic writing and my confidence has been

Persuasive Forms of Leadership Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Persuasive Forms of Leadership Paper - Essay Example Persuasive form of leadership can be used in different methods, that is, through â€Å"persuasive leadership and the power to influence† (Bethune, 2010, p.2). It is important that public leaders should be capable of reassuring the supporters of their plans and motives as well as be able to demonstrate concern in the public affairs or issues that affect the people. Leadership is a procedure, which facilitates a manager to direct, lead and influence the work as well as behavior of the concerned people towards achievement of particular goals under the required circumstances. It is the aptitude of the manager to encourage and boost the level of confidence of his subordinates as well as motivate them to do their best in order to fulfill the tasks at hand. Leadership research has integrated various qualities that show the significant differences between leaders and non-leaders as well as the impact it has on the supporters. It is a process that calls for publicly acceptable behavior containing personality traits that will help motivate individuals to reach an objective or goal. A lot of studies have shown that a person’s characteristics along with his or her abilities and skills can forecast leader effectiveness. For example, President Obama did this by executing the healthcare reform. He captured the attention of the US citizens by first stating that insurance firms are too powerful then he suggested a reform for this case. Next, the President foresaw the final result and then executed the planned reform or solution. In this particular case, the members or supporters of the President are affected by the chances of the healthcare reform. Thus, this paper talks about the different forms of persuasive leadership, the ways a leader may be persuasive and how he or she may facilitate change, as well as the two ways in which a leader is mainly persuasive and effective. Persuasive Forms of Leadership: Trust is one of the most significant elements in public lea dership, especially when there arises a need for change. The followers or supporters of the leader need to be assured that the leader can deliver on his or her promises. If a supporter distrusts or doubts a leader then he may spread his doubts among others and soon the leader loses his power, thus leading to overall problems for the whole respective group. Trust is the first step in building relationships and when public leaders gain trust of the people they both gain mutual satisfaction. When trust is established, a leader can convince the followers that the job will get done as well as influence the opposing parties to believe in them. This indeed determines how constituents respond to change, proposed change, or the outcome. â€Å"Leadership is the potential to influence behaviour of others. It is also defined as the capacity to influence a group towards the realization of a goal† (â€Å"Management Study Guide,† n.d.). Leaders are necessary to expand future visions as well as to inspire the managerial members to want to attain the respective visions. Various forms of persuasive leadership include credibility, shared ground, compelling position, rewards and incentives, and commitment. All of these persuasive forms of leadership affect how supporters react to the intentions leaders are trying to communicate to the public. Furthermore, these persuasive forms are characteristics of leadership which supporters can observe and then develop their own opinion on the legality of data received. â€Å"A leader is involved in shaping and moulding the behaviour of the group towards accomplishment of organizational goals† (â€Å"Management Study Guide,† n.d.). The two ways in which a leader may imbibe the most effective persuasion in the public is through credibility and shared ground. Credibility:

Does the rise in Third World tourism help or hurt local populations Essay

Does the rise in Third World tourism help or hurt local populations - Essay Example Does the tourism a manna from the heaven for the third world countries The answer is No. Thesis In general, tourism has a negative impact on populations of the third world countries ruining their natural beauty and national identity, exploiting their resources and preventing natural economic and social development of these regions. Tourism ruins natural resources of the countries and has a negative impact on national uniqueness of the nations. Most of the third world countries are weak to resist a flux of tourists coming each year to their lands. Consequently, the marked and growing disparities of income and way of life between most people in the industrial countries and those in the developing world are widely regarded as evidence of a biased and improperly functioning global system. International worsens the problem of income inequalities. The great income disparities as resulting from different resource endowments, and the historical and technological developments affecting their use. Disputes on the origin of poverty and wealth are certain to continue, but the search today is for development strategies which will achieve decent standards of life for all people by the end of this century. Also, Duval (2004) underlines that social differentiation is a constant source of headaches. Different groups not only c ompete for scarce resources but also make claims and demands on state actors. Racial diversity is seen as a blessing. Tourism is not static changing and evolving over time. The positive approaches to tourism are based not on anthropological concerns for humanism or the survival of cultural groups but on largely monetary motives. Tourism in particular is business for local communities and musicians. Also, this source is important because it analyzes resorts and recreational facilities in the region (Mowforth, 2003). The main problem in the third world countries is that locals play a minor part in industry development occupied by foreign born tour guides and agencies. Natural beauty and uniqueness of the islands have been spoiled by tourists and lack of state interventions and controls. There is the complex links between state, ethnicity, and tourism. In addition to the economic aspects of tourism, there are the political foundations of tourism including a role of the state and lack of controls. Duval ((2004) unveils concerns and problems faced by local communities, vision that led to the dismissal of history and identity. The growth and development of the tourist industry in the Caribbean region can be understood in the broader context of a state apparatus that is inefficient both economically and politically. Among them are new routs and new 'tourist' countries, price sensitivity and improves service. The third world tourism is under pressure, either dissolving in the face of these global confo rmities or changing their form and function while it has to adapt to these new international and transnational operations. Many third world countries seek to be a cultural and political entity preserving its natural beauty and cultural heritage. The marketing of tourism is similar to international diplomacy, a field that involves national image-management

Examining and Evaluating the Globalization of Globacon Nigeria

Examining and Evaluating the Globalization of Globacon Nigeria Modern global businesses have to satisfy a myriad of conflicting demands coming from different directions. In a competitive world, firms use integrated controls to preserve corporate standards and strategies, which help attain economies of scale. They also make certain innovative decisions that help in sustaining the growth of the business and create competitive edge over the other firms in the industry. Some of these core decisions is on participating more actively in the local and global market, while bearing in mind that to operate efficiently and effectively on the global platform needs sensitivity to indigenous market situations, adaptability under varying circumstances, and responsiveness to new prospect. Multinational companies increasingly face intense competition globally. In these emerging situations, companies seek to implement strategies that will improve and sustain the growth of their business. Because of this, multinational companies are changing the way they structure their businesses, changing their modus operandi in order to conform to todays business environment. For todays business managers the need to understand this strategic motivation for change is of utmost importance. For they to be responsive, there must be concern not just for the now, but also for the companys unforeseen future. This entails planning, organizing, directing, and controlling resources and managing a diverse labour force in a way that will be beneficial to all structures of businesses internationally. Overview of Globacom Nigeria Limited Globacom Limited is a Nigerian multinational telecommunications company headquartered in Lagos, Nigeria, a privately owned company and one of Africas fastest growing telecommunications company. Globacom is the market leading mobile service provider in Nigeria and operates in the neighbouring West African states (Globacom Limited n.d.). According to (Globacom Limited n.d.) it is reputed to be one of the fastest growing mobile service providers in the world, and aims to be the biggest and best mobile network in Africa. The telecommunication industry in Nigeria in particular and the world at large characterized by huge investments in technology and is exposed to rapid fluctuations in the market environment, such as consolidation of both telecom operators and network providers. The providers are competing for the limited number of customers, present on the global stage. Competitors can be either large multinational companies, such as Vodafone, or small regional companies, such as MTN, Za in etc. The global industry performance is largely dependent on continued growth in mobile and fixed communication in terms of both number of subscriptions and usage per subscriber. Moreover, the current merging of the telecom, data, and media industries changes the conditions in which the telecom operators do business. Consequently, the competitive environment is changing and novel strategies, addressing the new market conditions, are developed. Now in its bid to meet the organisational aims and objectives, the company wants to know the possibility of increasing its participation in the local and global market. Thus, this paper seeks to outline the key issues involved in localisation and globalisation, strategic decisions involved and implementation challenges with Globacom as reference. THE CONCEPTS OF GLOBALISATION AND LOCALISATION Globalisation is a term that denotes the process of strengthening political, economic, social and cultural relations across the world. Different authors and scholars have tried to define or explain globalisation. (Ohabunwa 1999), understands globalisation as a development which is analytically reforming interactions among different countries by eliminating bottlenecks in the areas of communication, commerce, culture. According to (Ohiorhenuan 1998), globalisation is the widening and deepening relations of national economies into a worldwide market for goods and services, especially capital. (David 2009) Sees globalisation as international way of doing business using strategic decisions based on global profitability rather than local considerations. Generally, globalisation is the integrated and co-ordinated approach by which industries evolve from multi-national to global competitive structures through trade, financial transactions, and exchange of information, ideas, technology, and the movement of people. Localisation on the other hand is the opposite of globalisation. Localisation entails that multinational companies recognises national economic issues and are locally responsive in meeting local demands. With this perspective in mind, (Meyer and B.D.Wit 2004) opined that managers in the international departments of multinational companies, should then be permitted to be responsive to particular local conditions. Arguing a case for localisation, (Chen Jun 2008), stated that companies localise their operations because of the various differences and political obstacles between different local markets, and that the cost of neglecting or disregarding local uniqueness in preference to that of global setting is too high. The choice of increased participation in the local and international market has its advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of global are cost-based, maximizing economies of scale and reducing repetition of processes and materials, thereby rea lizing efficiency. The advantages of localization are on the other hand are revenue-based, promoting variation to reach all customer positions and customer satisfaction (Buckley Ghauri, 2004). Porter,(1989) a proponent of global convergence perspective, argued from an international integration angle in his article The competitive advantage of nations that the world is becoming globally integrated but that the competitive advantage of a company is dependent on a combination of both its national circumstance and its strategy of harnessing it. He further opined that it behoves on the company to seize the opportunity of competitive advantage existing in its country. However, a globalisation perspective that is becoming more globally accepted by both the academic world and decision makers of multinational companies is that of Douglas and Wind who does not agree with the principal assumptions of the global standardization philosophy. Firstly, they opine that there is absence of evidence about uniformity in global customer taste, as there is diverse customer behaviour and taste even within the same country. Secondly, Differentiation as against low price strategy is more profitable and can reduce over competition in the industry. Thirdly, economies of scale of product is not the only credible reason for global convergence, research and development, marketing and after sale service sometimes are even more important than production. There is a consensus that multinational companies should not just focus on one side of the divide, but try to adjust the balance between localization and globalization. Multinational companies should deal with the problem differently according to different strategic contexts. (Douglas and Wind n.d.). Consequently, from the analysis, it is clear that the study of the dilemma of localization and globalization is approachable from different angles. The magnitude of globalization is different from country to country and there is no one best organizational response to globalization, every organization should balance those factors dynamically and find the strategy best suited to their company. PARADOXES For a firm to participate in local and global environment, some underlying internally and externally issues have to be analysed, rationalised and dealt with according the situation on ground. Meyer highlighted some paradoxes that exist and are instrumental to final strategic decisions by multinational companies. Globalization and localization Multinational companies are facing the paradox of globalization and localization in breaking into each emerging market. Generally, there are various ways on how multinational companies organise its global activities: The first according to (Chen Jun 2008) is global convergence perspective, which lays emphasis on taking advantage of their corporate resources and attaining global interactions, while the other is international diversity perspective, which lays focuses on adapting to local difficulties. According to (Tallman and Yipp 2001), the three basic strategic issues involved in multinational companies operating globally are geographic spread, localisation and global integration. The question here lies in whether companies should consider the global market in its entirety or recognise the local market structure as its main stream of business. Profitability and Responsibility The dichotomy (globalisation and localisation) pushes the companies into understanding their purpose in business. Different businesses have different visions and mission as seen in their various statements. According to (Meyer and B.D.Wit 2004), some of their motives is to maximise profit for the owners (a shareholder value approach), or to meet the requirements of the general populace (a stakeholders values approach). In deciding on increased participation in the market, Globacom will have to decide which is more germane to its core values. Why Firms Globalise From the discussion, companies that decide to globalise, or use global strategies will have some beneficial consequences such as gaining new customers for their products and services, other advantages are: According to (Yip, Mintzberg and Quinn 1991), companies can reduce costs by pooling production or other activities for multiple countries. They further opined that other methods such as exploiting lowers factor cost i.e. moving manufacturing activities to countries with low costs, moving production between countries to take advantage of lowest costs at a particular time, also reduces costs. Excess capacity and economic risks can be absorbed through foreign operations (David 2009) There will be increased competitive advantage as companies will act as checks and balances on each other. With joint venture programs, companies will learn the culture, technology, and business practises of the host nation. Global savings distributed more efficiently as countries higher productive capacity for capital e.g. UK, can borrow from countries with excess fund. (David 2009), also stated that economies of scale can be achieved as large scale production and better efficiency allow higher sales volume and lower price offerings. Other factors such as economies of scale in production, purchasing, faster accumulation of learning from operating worldwide, decrease in transportation and distribution cost, reduced cost in product adaptation, and the emergence of a global market segments have encouraged the competition on a global scale. However, the decision to globalise has some inherent drawbacks. Barriers such as governmental policies and institutional limitations, tariff barriers and duties, transportation cost, variances in customer preference and demand, are some of the drawbacks enumerated by (Douglas and Wind n.d.). Seizure of foreign operations by nationalists as stated by (David 2009), is one of the disadvantages. The economic changes fashioned by globalisation have brought about business displacements and job losses in many countries, changed the commodity composition of trade and led to distortions in local consumption patterns, thereby bringing about relative price changes that local consumers find difficult to adapt. Globalisation has also led to a situation where financial disturbances emanating from one country quickly spreads like wildfire to other countries with destabilizing consequences. (Obadan 2004). STRATEGIC GLOBAL DECISIONS In order to achieve an objective, aim or goal, every business must have a strategy. There is no common or single definition of strategy as it relates to and can be applied to many contrasting fields such as marketing ,economics, investment, military, gaming, and as well as corporate global environment. Strategy can however be generalised to mean a plan of action, thought out in advance, aimed at achieving a particular objective, with particular reference to gaining competitive advantage for an business over other businesses in the same industry. (Barney and Hesterly 2010) , defines strategy as a theory by a firm on how to gain competitive advantages. (Mintzberg 1988), proposed five definitions of strategy Plan A conscious thought out course of action, a guide made in advance before implementation. Ploy made with the intentions of outsmarting other competitors. Pattern i.e. a consistent and accurate behaviour resulting from the plan. This can be realised, unrealised and emergent strategies. As a position i.e. the way, a company positions itself in the market in terms of locating particular product brands at particular markets. Perspective i.e. the fundamental way of doing things in the business and way the managers of the company perceive the world from the companys point of view. (Lewis 1999), added a sixth definition, by defining strategy as a process of sensing, analysing, choosing and acting. According to (Johnson and Scholes 2007),Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long-term: which achieves advantage for the organisation through its configuration of resources within a challenging environment, to meet the needs of markets and to fulfil stakeholder expectations. They also posited that there are different strategies used at different levels of a business. Corporate Strategy is concerned with the generally purpose and scope of the business to meet consumers expectations. Investors interactions in the business environment, has an influence over and is a guide to strategic decision-making within the business. Corporate Strategy is also part of the mission statement of most firms. Business Unit Strategy This deals more with how a business competitively successfully a business is in a particular market. It is about the strategic decisions of choice of products, customer satisfaction, competitive and comparative advantage over competitors, development or creation of novel ideas and opportunities. Operational Strategy This handles the issue of how each the component parts of the business is organised in other to deliver the corporate and business-unit level strategic direction required for growth. Operational strategy therefore focuses on subjects of resources, processes, and people. Companies can use any or all of these strategies but also have to bear in mind that there are some globalisation drivers affecting the prospective use of global strategy. Lewis et al (1999) opined that managers shoul d be able to recognize when these drivers provide opportunities to use these strategies. In explaining thes drivers, Lewis et al (1999) said that Market drivers, are those characterised by homogenous customer needs, global consumers, global channels of distribution and transferability. Cost drivers on the other hand are the drivers that are dependent on the economies of the business and are characterised by economies of scale and scope, learning and experience, sourcing efficiency, favourable logistics and product development costs. Governmental drivers are those dependent on government policies and an influence over the use of all the other global strategies. It comprises of favourable trade policies, compatible technical standards and common marketing regulations. Fina lly, they named competitive drivers as those comprising of the interdependency of countries and globalised competitors. Although these drivers are individually powerful, they are not on their own formulae for sure success. A combination of two or more can be viable in an economy. Lewis et al (1999) PESTEL Creating a global strategy involves an initial step of an environmental analysis of political, economic, social, and technological trends that are pertinent to operating on a global level. (Kotler 1998), claims that this analysis is useful strategic tool for learning the direction a business is going with reference to its growth or deterioration, business position, potentials. PESTEL ANALYSIS Economic Factors Political Factors Social Factors Legal Factors FIRM Technological Factors Political factor: These refer to government policies such as the degree of intervention in the economy. Political decisions can have an effect on many vital areas for business such as the education of the workforce, the health of the nation and the quality of the infrastructure of the economy. African governments are taking steps in opening their economies to international trade. Most countries have started trade and exchange liberalization process, eliminating multiple exchange rates and nontariff barriers, and reducing the degree of tariff protection. Economic factors: These include interest rates, taxation changes, economic growth, inflation and exchange rates. , the restructuring of many African economies is gaining momentum. Throughout the continent, government intervention in economic activity is on the decline. Administrative price restrictions and agricultural marketing has been widely eased up. Social factors: Changes in social trends can affect the demand for a firms products or services and the availability and enthusiasm of the work force. Technological factors: new technologies create new products and new processes. There can be cost reduction, improvement in quality and innovation through technology. These developments can have a positive effect on consumers as well as firms concerned. Environmental factors: this includes weather and climate change. Fluctuations in temperature can have a negative on many industries including the telecoms industry. With the advent of global warming, there is greater environmental awareness and this is becoming a significant concern for firms to ponder. Legal factors: the legal setting in which firms operates determines the progress of the business. With ever-stringent laws in the telecoms industry on provision of services, Globacom will have to improve on its service provision. The managers of Globacom need to think about the factors that are likely to change and in what direction and which factors will have the greatest influence on them. PORTERS FIVE FORCES According to Michael Porter (1985), for a firm to seek for a favourable competitive placing in any industry, it will have to find out how attractive the industry is. To be able to analyse any industrys attractiveness, either domestically or internationally, there are five competitive forces: the threat of new entrants, the bargaining power of suppliers, the bargaining power of consumer, the threat of substitutes and the intensity of rivalry competitors. The five forces is the focal determinant of the industry profitability, as they have tremendous influence on price, costs and profits of the product. (De wit Meyer, 2004: p.259) Porters five forces model The threat of new entrants: In the telecommunication industry, the threat of new entrant is relatively low as the stringent barriers high initial cost of start-up and fixed cost associated with the business is extremely high. This works to the advantage of Globacom and others in the industry. Bargaining power of suppliers: There is a myriad of telecommunication companies worldwide but there limited number of telecommunication equipment suppliers in the industry. Here, Globacom is disadvantaged as there are limited alternatives. Bargaining power of consumers: bargaining power is high in this industry because of presence of many competitors. In Nigeria alone there are about ten telecommunication companies fighting for the same customers. Globacom is only at the moment differentiated in price and customer loyalty. Threat of substitutes: in the telecoms industry, threat of substitution is high as all the telecoms companies sell virtually the same product and or services. Globacom should determine the extent of customer switchover and try make customer satisfaction a priority. However, other companies in the industry may decide to go into price war, which reduces the profit margin of the companies involved. Degree of rivalry: the telecoms industry is a highly competitive as each company is trying to outdo the other in other to increase their subscriber base. Here as stated before, Globacom should have customer satisfaction as its watchword. Managers of Globacom should as a matter duty identify the key aspect or elements of each competitive force that influences the firm, assess how strong and vital each element is for the firm and decide whether the combined strong point of the element is worth the firm entering or staying in the country. Limitations Globacom has used this model as a strategy. Since growth is of core importance to the company, it has shown this by rolling out different services such as Glo mobile, Glo gateway, Glo 1, and Glo broad access, across West African sub-region (Globacom Limited n.d.). Globacom is using the strength of large customer base and name to keep itself in the forefront of the telecoms industry. PORTERS GENERIC STRATEGY Multinational companies are able to achieve competitive advantage, mainly through differentiating their products and services through low costs. Companies can broaden their market scope or they can focus on a refined target in the market. According to (Porter,1989), strategies allow companies to gain competiive advantage via three bases : cost leadership, differentiation and focus. It is imperative for companies to use the cost leadership strategy if they try to become low cost producers in their industry. Globacom pricing strategy is among one of the best in the industry in the sub-region. The other telecoms companies are trying hard to meet the price standard set by Globacom and this makes it easier for them to locate to other countries. N Nigeria, they have the lowest price tariff coupled with other added services. Globacom is also one of fastest growing companies in the industry it showed tremendous growth through sale of 600,000 sim cards in its first ten days of operation in republic of Benin (Cellular-News 2008), and planned to capture 30% of the 11 million subscribers within a short period of its commencing business in Ghana (Oruame 2008). Differentiation as used by many firms cannot in the telecoms industry as virtually all the product and services are similar in nature. However, the per-second billing method for calls, has been used by Globacom to dif ferentiate its product and services. Globacom on the other hand is not pursuing the focus strategy as it is directing its effort in a particular section of the industry. Limitations Companies pursuing the strategic generic model, have to make a choice between cost leadership and differentiation and avoid the stuck in the middle syndrome, which results in poor financial performance (Porter, 1980). Globacom does not pursue either low cost strategies or differentiation. It merges both techniques as its strategy. THE ANSOFFS GROWTH MATRIX (Lewis 1999), in citing Ansoff (1965), opined that the tool is used in detecting options available to firms wanting to widen their competitive edge, as it helps these businesses decides the strategy they will use in their product and market growth. Some of these options include: Ansoffs growth matrix Product Development Market Penetration (Existing product) (New product) (New market) Diversification Market Development (Existing market) Market penetration: This focuses on increasing market share of existing products into existing markets. The objectives of this option are to maintain or increase the market stake of current products through combining competitive pricing strategies, advertising, and sales promotion, ensure supremacy of growth markets, increase usage by existing customers Market development: This is a growth strategy where companies want to sell its existing products into new markets through new geographical areas, new product sizes or packages, or new distribution channels. Product development: this is the growth strategy where a business creates new products for augmenting existing products in existing markets. Diversification: This is the growth strategy where businesses introduce new products into new markets. However, for a business to implement a diversification strategy, therefore, it must have a knowledgeable idea of its gains and accompanying risk. Limitations: Globacom as a company uses this strategy extensively as seen in the number of countries it had moved into within a short span of time, the number of products it had introduced into these markets and the rate of diversification. However, it needs to monitor the trend in customers, demands in other to be responsive to them. PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE Most products pass through for basic phases i.e. introduction, growth, maturity and decline. From a strategic point of view, knowledge of the products life cycle helps a company to manage the introduction of a new product. (Barney and Hesterly 2010), speaking from an international perspective, opines that that the product life cycle of a product or service can be at different stages of its life cycle in different countries. Consequently, the resources developed by a firm during a particular stage in the life cycle of the product in the home market to the same stage of another product in the international market (Barney and Hesterly 2010). The PLC of a product consists of introduction, growth and maturity, and companies use this to analyse and assess how they believe their product will perform through its PLC and the marketing strategies and marketing mix implemented at each stage. (Lewis 1999), warned that firms that do not pursue strategies appropriate to the life cycle stage of the ir product, might lose competitive advantage. Globacom is increasingly expanding its range of products to retain its competitiveness in the market and hence important that they invest make sure their customers demand are satisfied. CONCLUSION Every strategic model is an instrument used for gathering strategic information from the international perspective and a process for perceiving a number of different futures for any organisation. Undeniably, globalization for the telecommunication industry is a persistent trend. The international low cost of both material and labour, the low price of the resources, and the most advanced technological expertise are all required for increasing competitiveness in the industry. Furthermore, for these firms to be able to manage the intricacies involved in globalization entails including new tools, structures and strategic models added to the ones already in use as the knowledge and application of strategic models is a prerequisite for the survival of any business in its industry. Globacom should adhere strictly to the laws of the relevant strategies and integrate them into the corporate business model to ensure and sustain its leadership role in the telecoms industry. Managers have to dec ide how to modify their products, make changes in their marketing policies to suit the situation on ground, formulate human resource practices and business strategies to deal with national differences in culture, language, business practices, and government regulations. In addition, managers have to decide how best to tackle the threat posed by efficient foreign competitors entering their home market and how to effectively and efficiently enter a foreign market and create a positive impact.

Describe The Elements Of Death :: essays research papers

Describe the elements of war and death in Stephen Crane’s The Red Badge of Courage. This book is divided into two parts. In the first part the main characters, Henry Flemings. illusions disappear when confronted by the reality of battle(WAH 642). During the first battle he sees vague figures before him, but they are driven away. In the next battle he is so frightened that he runs away becoming one of the first heroes in literature to actually desert his fellow soldiers in the field. While Henry is separated from his fellow soldiers, he wanders through the forest. There he experiences the kind of illusions that predominate in all of the writings of Crane (WAH 642). First he tells himself that nature does not blame him for running. Next he finds himself in a part of the woods that he believes is religious. The insects are praying and the forest takes the appearance of a chapel. Henry is comfortable with this until he finds a dead soldier in the heart of the â€Å"chapel†. Henry sees an ant carrying a bundle across the face of the dead soldier. That view is beautiful in the sense of conveying great emotion through minute detail(WAH 643). As he moves back henry sees a line of injured soldiers including his friend Jim Conklin,who is badly wounded and another friend called â€Å"the tattered man†. Trying to make up for deserting his friends, Henry tries to help Jim Conklin who is dying.After Conklin dies, the tattered man probes deeply into Henry’s conscience by repeatedly asking â€Å"where ya hit†(Bowers 132). Henry deserts the tattered man. When Henry stops another soldier he asks him the novels most important question which is â€Å"why† The soldier hits henry on the head for starting trouble. Ironically this wound becomes Henry’s â€Å"Red Badge of Courage†. Henry is then lead back to his regiment by a â€Å"cheery soldier† who helps wandering soldiers. This leads Henry into the second half of the book. Henry’s wanderings are over. Not until the end of the book does he ask questions. Most of the repudiations are complete: heroes do not always act like heroes; no one understands the purpose of life or death; nature may be malevolent, probably no different, but is certainly not the benevolent pantheist realm of the transcentalists, and God, is simply nowhere to be found(Weatherford 32). In the second part of the novel Henry beco0mes a â€Å"war devil†, the hero that he wanted to be originally when another battle is over, all Henry has accomplished is negated. Many critics found the last chapter confused and muttled, Henry’s feelings range from remorse to the â€Å"sin† which is not responsible

Compare and Contrast the Aca’s 5 Moral Principles (Autonomy, Nonmaleficence, Beneficence, Justice, Fidelity) with Clinton & Ohlschlager’s 7 Virtues on Co P. 248-249.

The American Counseling Association has identified several moral principles to assist in guiding their members and others interested in the helping professions. Of these the following five will be compared and contrasted with various biblical ethics identified by Clinton & Oblschalager (2002) as being seven virtues (pp. 248-249): autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, and fidelity. The seven virtues are composed of the following: accountability and truth-telling, responsibility to love one another, fidelity to integrity, trustworthiness in keeping confidentiality, competent beneficence, humility in justice, and sufferability (ibid). Autonomy is defined as â€Å"the freedom of clients to choose their own direction† (Corey, G. , Corey, M. S. , & Callanan. 2007, p. 17). Nonmaleficence is the avoidance of actions which may hurt clients (ibid). Beneficence is promotion of the welfare of others (p. 18). Justice refers to being fair in equal distribution of resources and care without biases of any type (ibid). Fidelity refers to one keeping their word as a professional (ibid) The virtue of accountability and truth-telling shares the similarity with the moral principle of fidelity in that both mandate being truthful in our words and promises. Above that this virtue also requires that one be held accountable to another counselor or one’s pastor (Clinton & Oblschalager, p. 248). The virtue of the responsibility to love one another shares with the principle of nonmaleficence the characteristic of doing others no harm, yet goes beyond that to include the Spirit given gift of demonstrating love for one another (ibid). The virtue of humility in justice basically mirrors the principle of justice. Both these traits should mean the counselor will never judge the individual seeking help and to never discriminate in the allocation of resources. The virtue of humility in justice also entails remembering to be humble in emulation of the Messiah who only sought for others to be restored to a right relation with God (p. 249). Competent beneficence is a virtue comparable to the principle of beneficence. They both are focused on the wellbeing f others and on the awareness of the counselor to be culturally competent (ibid). The virtues of trustworthiness in keeping confidentiality, fidelity to integrity and sufferability can be placed side by side with the principle of nonmaleficence since they all entail the mandate of not allowing the client to suffer any harm due to the counselor’s words or actions. Fidelity to integrity also entails the counselor’s personal integrity as needing to accompany h is professional integrity (Clinton & Oblschalager, p. 248). Ultimately, the clients we encounter as Christian counselors do have autonomy to choose this principle and go in whatever direction they choose to go. Nevertheless, this is not a shared characteristic with any of the seven virtues. In our practice we are to recognize that God has moral absolutes and a perfect way in which God has chosen for us to walk (Clinton & Oblschalager, p. 246). To utilize the seven virtues we must remember that doing good, telling truth, loving one another, and the rest of the virtues all point directly towards our creator. Therefore, although our clients may choose to ignore our godly counsel, we are in debt to them and our vows of service to God to inform them and encourage them to cease from sinful behaviors and to turn those behaviors around to reflect behaviors demonstrated . References Clinton, T. , & Ohlschlager, G. (Eds. ). (2002). Competent Christian Counseling: Foundations and Practice of Compassionate Soul Care. Colorado Springs, CO: WaterBrook Press. Corey, G. , Corey, M. S. , & Callanan, P. (2007). Issues and Ethics in the Helping Professions (7th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole

Operating Room Observation Paper Essay

Patient: J.D. Age: 39 year-old. Gender: Female. Marital status: Married. Chief complaint: Left tendoachilles pain for 5 years. Patient rates pain to 10/10. Patient said she had a Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) injection 2 years ago as a treatment intervention for this condition and had some relief but over time, the pain came back and got worse. Name of surgical procedure: Endoscopic Gastrocnemius Recession. Surgery: Left leg Gastrocnemius Recession. This procedure is to release a tight calf muscle that is pulling the heel upward. To improve ROM(Range Of Motion), the tendon connecting to the tight calf muscle will be cut, this will release the heel from the upward pull allowing the patient to stand with foot flat on ground. Gastrocnemius Recession is commonly performed to correct an equinus contracture of the ankle that may accompany foot and ankle pathology in adults. (An equinus deformity is basically one in which the achilles tendon is shorter than needed to allow adequate dorsiflexion during the gait cycle.  If the foot is perpendicular to the leg and put through a range of motion where the foot cannot dorsiflex (move upward) more than 10 degrees this is thought of as an equinus deformity). The equinus deformity leads to excessive pressure and pain that manifests as plantar fasciitis, metatarsalgia, posterior tibial tendon insufficiency, osteoarthritis, and foot ulcers. The procedure is also performed on individuals who have limited ankle dorsiflexion. Preoperative phase. In the preoperative phase, many informations are obtained, a full history from the client, including allergies, medication usage, and pre-existing medical conditions. Any previous experiences with sedation or anesthesia should to be reported, especially any adverse reactions. Note the last dose of each of the client’s prescribed medications, especially if it could alter the client’s response (diuretic, antihypertensive, narcotic). Provide education about the procedure and the medications to be used. Perform a full assessment on the client, including baseline vital signs, cardiac rhythm, and level of consciousness. Determine the last time the client ate or drank (generally NPO for 6 hrs or more before the procedure). The client may have clear liquids up to 2 hrs before the surgery or procedure. Instruct the client to adhere to the instructions to remain NPO, or the surgery or procedure may be cancelled. Establish IV access and administer fluids as prescribed. Verify that the client signed the informed consent. Attach monitoring equipment to the client. Remove dentures (in case intubation would become necessary). Anxiety level is also assessed regarding the procedure, and coping mechanisms. Diagnostic test. Usually many diagnostic test are performed, including Urinalysis, CBC, ECG, chest X-ray for heart and lung status and also for this case since my assignment patient was a female, a pregnancy test was performed, which came  out negative. Informed consent. Usually once surgery has been discussed as treatment with the client and significant other, family member, informed consent is obtained after discussing the risks and benefits of the procedure. To obtain informed consent, the provider must give the client a complete description of the treatment/procedure. A description of the professionals who will be performing and participating in the treatment Information on the risks of anesthesia. A description of the potential harm, pain, and/or discomfort that may occur. Options for other treatments and the right to refuse treatment. The patient must give informed consent voluntarily. And the nurse is to witness the patient sign the consent papers. The procedure/Intraoperative. The nurse remains with the client at all times. Allow other staff to assist the provider with the procedure, if indicated. Continually assess and monitor level of consciousness, cardiac rhythm, respiratory status, and vital signs. During the procedure, the following equipment must be present within immediate reach for routine monitoring and in case deep sedation with respiratory depression occurs. Fully equipped emergency cart that includes emergency medications, airway and ventilator equipment, defibrillator, and IV supplies. A 100% oxygen source and administration supplies, airways, manual resuscitation bag, and suction equipment. ECG monitor/display, noninvasive blood pressure monitor, pulse oximeter, thermometer, and stethoscope. The patient is placed in a supine position with leg elevated, and the surgical assistant prepares the surgical site by cleaning it appropriately. This procedure is performed with general anesthesia. When ready, an incision  is made on the back inside part of the lower leg and the gastrocnemius tendon is exposed. Once the tendon is exposed, the procedure is performed by releasing it as you can see it on the monitors. This effectively lengthens the calf muscle. Patients will now have the same ankle motion with their knee straight that they previously had with their knee bent. After the calf muscle is lengthened, the wound is closed up. This was a fairly quick procedure, about 35-40 minutes. Postoperatively, the patient is escorted to the post anesthesia care unit by the anesthesiologist and the circulating nurse who gives a verbal report to the post anesthesia care unit nurse. Initial postoperative care involves making assessments, administering medications, managing the client’s pain, preventing complications, and determining when a client is ready to be discharged from the PACU. During the immediate postoperative stage, maintaining airway patency and ventilation and  monitoring circulatory status are the priorities for care. Since my assigned patient was administered general anesthesia, frequent respiratory status was required. The nurse who is monitoring continues to record vital signs and level of consciousness until the client is fully awake and all assessment criteria return to presedation levels. Only then can the nurse remove the monitor and all emergency equipment from the bedside. Typical discharge criterias are level of consciousness as on admission, vital signs stable for 30 to 90 min, ability to cough and deep breathe, ability to tolerate oral fluids, ability to void, absence of nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, or dizziness. And the patient is then transferred to a post surgical unit where the patient is still being monitored for any sign of complications. The surgical leg is stabilized and put in a boot that will be in place for about 2-6 weeks. Patient teaching is done including telling the patient to keep leg elevated and keep weight off the foot. And pain level is assessed, patient is medicated as needed. Healing time for this procedure can be short or can take longer based on a some factors like nutrition, circulation, medical condition and also lifestyle, per example if you are a smoker, it will take  longer. The patient was discharged to home the same day since it was an outpatient surgical procedure. http://www.footeducation.com/gastrocnemius-slide-strayer-procedure http://www.aaos.org/news/bulletin/oct07/clinical4.asp http://www.instratek.com/userfiles/EGRTechniqueGuide.pdf http://www.ankleandfootcare.com/research/japma_vol95_no4.pdf http://whymyfoothurts.com/conditions/equinus.html

Answer 4 Questions About Jazz Music Example

Answer 4 Questions About Jazz Music Example Answer 4 Questions About Jazz Music – Coursework Example Jazz Music Q Styles of Jazz Music Bebop Jazz It developed in the early 1940’s and established itself as vogue by 1945 (A Passion for Jazz, p1). Its main innovators were Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, and Chalie Parker. Bebop is characterized by fast tempo, instrumental ability, and improvisation based on the amalgamation of harmonic structure and reference to the melody. Bebop soloists engage in harmonic improvisation and often avoid the melody after the first chorusCool JazzIt evolved directly from Bop in the late 1940’s and 1950’s (A Passion for Jazz, p1). It smoothed out the mixture of Swing and Bop tones. Miles pioneered cool music, and it softened the dynamics of bebop music. The cool jazz is characterized by relaxed tempos and lighter tone.Classic JazzClassic Jazz also known as Orleans style originated with brass bands that performed for dances and parties in the late 1800’s (A Passion for Jazz, p1). Classic music is solo oriented. The classic style i ncorporates captions of Ragtime with adaptations of melodies, blues, and hymns. David Miles recorded Kind of Blue, classic music (Luce 1).Hot JazzIn hot jazz, improvised solos characterize the music with melodic structure built up to an emotional and ‘hot’ climax. In the rhythm section, there is bass, banjo, drums with high tempo. Miles pioneered the style, as most of his songs were high (Luce 1)..Hard BopIt is an extension of Bebop, which was interrupted by the cool sounds. Hard Bop melodies are soulful than Bebop. The rhythm section of hard bop is more sophisticated, and it is also known as the funky jazz.Q.3Cool jazz is less dense or more spacious. It relies on modern rhythms, for instance, Bossa Nova and rock. It employs less improvisation and has low tempo (A Passion for Jazz, p1). Cool jazz musicians include Monty Budwig, Larry Bunker, Sarah Vaughan, and Gerry Mulligan. However, hard bop is denser, has high tempo, and involves more improvisation. The hard bop musi cians include Miles Davis, Art Blakey, John Coltrane, and Horace Silver among others.Hard bop music majored on the African American identity. Racism and discrimination resulted in opposition of the white’s cool music. The African-American innovated hard bop music to fight for their civil rights and recognition in the American economy. Poverty resulted in the musical differences. Cool jazz was regarded as music for the rich or the whites. Therefore, the poor Africans retaliated by singing hard-bop to demonstrate their dissatisfaction with political, social and economic climate at that time.A Passion for Jazz. Styles of Jazz Music, 2015. Web. May 27, 2015 Luce, Jim. â€Å"Jazz Profiles from NPR Miles Davis: Miles’ Styles.† NPR. 2015. Web. May 27, 2015

Legal Issue Paper HUMAN RIGHTS IN IRAQ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legal Issue Paper HUMAN RIGHTS IN IRAQ - Essay Example Iraq has seen different periods of government rule and the human rights in Iraq have been different in the different periods of rule. The human rights in Iraq can be divided into three distinct periods, the pre-Saddam period, the period of Saddam Hussein, and the post war period. The military in Iraq plays a very important role in maintaining an atmosphere of pressure and fear on which the government of Iraq rests. The Iraqi military forces have a lot of power and the government usually does not make an attempt to investigate any human rights abuse cases. The Iraqi government's human rights record is very poor. Human rights like the right to freedom of speech, the right to freedom of press, and the like were restricted by the government. Human rights in the pre-Saddam period were very poor. The abuses of human rights on the citizens were prevalent from this period itself. The Hashemite monarchy is considered the most imperfect rule in terms of human rights. The influence of prime ministers and leaders of the military was huge and the civil and human rights of people varied from place to place. During this period Jews had face a lot of discrimination. They were deprived of property and Iraqi nationality. In 1949 Iraq's Prime Minister also suggested that Iraq may expel its Jewish population .1 Following this, from 1950 to 1951 more than 120,000 Jews left Iraq for Israel in a mass emigration. This mass emigration was one of the largest airlift operations in history .2 Human rights in the pre-Saddam period faced a lot of ups and downs as Iraq saw many different leaders and governments. Human rights were often violated due to the differences between various rulers and members of different ethnic communities. Many rulers and regimes discriminated certain groups and communities, which resulted in the violation of human rights to these affected communities. Saddam Hussein was one of the most famous Iraqi leaders. Human right during his rule faced a lot of torture and mass murder. During Saddam's rule the military and paramilitary forces had a lot of power, which they used to violate many human rights. The methods used to maintain control during his rule were secret police, forced disappearances, targeted assassinations, murders, and torture. Regular reports of widespread torture and murder were reported by the Amnesty International and Human Right Watch. Many human rights organizations have documented many cases of torture, murder, approved execution, and rape during Saddam's rule between 1979 and 2003. Human rights in Saddam's rule were affected in many ways. People were executed for reasons such as supporting the opposition, or not being in favour of the President. Women were executed saying they practised prostitution and some men were executed for supporting them. Mass execution used to take place in prisons as part of a prison clean out activity. Political killing were another way of murdering people. Widespread disappearances continued to take place with hundreds of people missing. "The Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Iraq has reported that such records have been found with regard to a considerable number of persons followed, wanted or detained in northern Iraq, many of whom subsequently disappeared" (Lawson, Bertucci and Wiseberg 522). Though the Iraqi constitution prohibited torture and arbitrary arrest and detention, the military and security forces regularly

Summarize the article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Summarize the article - Essay Example Learning context is set on the terms of the importance of L1 and L2 within the learning context. This later on affects the functional roles and area of use put for L1 and L2. L2 language is compared across four different language-learning contexts that represent four separate positions on the second language (SL)-foreign language (FL) context range. Findings show that learners most close to the second language end of the range outperform the learners in the three other contexts on most aspects of L2 proficiency investigated. Studies of L2 learning in a wide range of contexts make an important contribution to the understanding of the complexity and richness of the SLA phenomenon. Identifying and understanding the impact of contextual discrepancy on the L2 learning process depends on the quality of the measurement practices used. According to Norris and Ortega (2009), measure practices in SLA research should capture the fully integrated ecology of complexity, accuracy and fluency (CAF) development in specific contexts over time. This helps us understand why and how language develops within them or does not develop within them. There are other factors that promote various types of learning and outcomes not only the context. Factors like the quality of experiences, efforts invested to use the L2 that makes one learning context superior to the other in relation to the L2 development and the nature of the input and output conditions. An instruction has a strong effect and influences the rate of outcome of the L2 acquisition. The main assumption in this study is that the natural/second language/study abroad contexts offer more favorable opportunities for L2 learning which results in higher L2 proficiency and more favorable socio-psychological disposition than foreign language. The trend from this research is that natural second language contexts are more likely to improve oral fluency, lexical